논리 기호

논리학에서는 논리적인 표현(logical representation)을 표시하기 위한 다양한 기호를 사용하고 있다. 물론 논리학을 공부한 사람들에게는 이러한 기호들이 익숙하기 때문에, 기호를 사용할 때마다 그 기호의 의미를 설명하지 않고 사용하곤 한다. 그래서 논리학을 공부하고자 하는 사람들을 위해서 논리 기호들, 기호 이름, 읽는 방법, 수학과 관련된 예 등을 아래와 같은 표로 만들었다. 참고로 세 번째 열은 비형식적 정의를 설명하고 있으며, 네 번째 열은 짧은 예를, 다섯 번째 열은 유니코드에서 위치 값을, 여섯 번째 열은 HTML에서 사용되는 이름을 제시하였다. 마지막 열은 LaTeX 기호를 나타내고 있다.

참고로 논리학 영역 밖에서는, 문맥에 따라서 다른 기호들이 같은 의미를 갖기도 하고, 같은 기호가 다른 의미를 갖기도 한다는 것에 유의하자.

기호
이름 설명 예시 유니코드 HTML LaTeX
읽는 법
분류




Ɔ

실질 함축 (material implication) 만약 A 이면 B이다. x = 2  ⇒  x2 = 4 is true, but x2 = 4   ⇒  x = 2 is in general false (since x could be −2). U+21D2

U+2192

U+2282
⇒

→

⊃
\Rightarrow
\to
⊃\supset
\implies
implies, if A then B
명제 논리, 헤이팅 대수




동치 가 모두 참이거나 모두 거짓일 때 성립한다. x + 5 = y + 2  ⇔  x + 3 = y U+21D4

U+2261

U+2194
⇔

≡

↔
\Leftrightarrow
\equiv
\leftrightarrow
\iff
if and only if, iff , means the same as
명제 논리
¬

˜

!
부정 ¬(¬A) ⇔ A
x ≠ y  ⇔  ¬(x = y)
U+00AC

U+02DC
¬

˜ ~
\lnot or \neg
\sim
not
명제 논리




&
논리곱 The statement AB is true if A and B are both true; else it is false. n < 4  ∧  n >2  ⇔  n = 3 when n is a natural number. U+2227

U+0026
&and;

&amp;
\wedge or \land
\&
and
명제 논리, 불 논리


+

ǀǀ
논리합 n ≥ 4  ∨  n ≤ 2  ⇔ n ≠ 3 when n is a natural number. U+2228 &or; \lor or \vee
or
명제 논리, 불 논리



배타적 논리합 언령 A ⊕ B는 A 또는 B가 참이되 A와 B가 동시에 참은 아닐 때 참이다. A ⊻ B도 같은 뜻이다. A) ⊕ A는 언제나 참이고, AA는 언제나 거짓이다. U+2295

U+22BB
&oplus; \oplus
\veebar
xor
명제 논리, 불 논리



T

1
항진 언령 ⊤는 언제나 참이다. A ⇒ ⊤는 언제나 참이다. U+22A4 T \top
top, verum
명제 논리, 불 논리



F

0
모순 언령 ⊥는 언제나 거짓이다. ⊥ ⇒ A는 언제나 참이다. U+22A5 &perp; F \bot
bottom, falsum
명제 논리, 불 논리


()
전칭 ∀ n ∈ ℕ: n2 ≥ n. U+2200 &forall; \forall
for all; for any; for each
1차 논리
존재 ∃ n ∈ ℕ: n is even. U+2203 &exist; \exists
there exists
1차 논리
∃!
유일 ∃! n ∈ ℕ: n + 5 = 2n. U+2203 U+0021 &exist; ! \exists !
there exists exactly one
1차 논리
:=



:⇔
정의 U+2254 (U+003A U+003D)

U+2261

U+003A U+229C
:=
:

&equiv;

&hArr;
:=
\equiv
\Leftrightarrow
is defined as
모든 수학 분야
( )
우선집단 괄호 안의 연산을 먼저 수행한다. (8 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 = 2 ÷ 2 = 1,
8 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) = 8 ÷ 2 = 4.
U+0028 U+0029 ( ) ( )
parentheses, brackets
모든 수학 분야
턴스틸 xyyx에서 증명가능하다는 뜻이다. AB ⊢ ¬B → ¬A U+22A2 &#8866; \vdash
provable
명제 논리, 1차 논리
이중 턴스틸 xyx가 의미론적으로 y를 수반한다는 뜻이다. AB ⊨ ¬B → ¬A U+22A8 &#8872; \models
entails
명제 논리, 1차 논리

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