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ウィンターロード（Winter road）は、圧縮された雪や雪に覆われた雪道（英語版）、または凍結したツンドラや裸地、または浮氷上（結氷面上）に設営される道路である^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]。結氷面上に作られるウィンターロードは、アイスロードまたはアイスブリッジ（英語版）とも呼ばれる^[1]^[2]^[3]^[5]^[6]。逆に言えば、ウィンターロードとは多くの場合は結氷面上を通って、時々は陸上を通る「連水陸路」である。カナダ北部のノースウェスト準州イエローナイフからダイアヴィク鉱山やジェリコ鉱山（英語版）へと設営されるティビット・コントウォイト・ウィンターロード（英語版）はその一例である。

役割

ウィンターロードは、恒久的な（または「全天候型」の）道路がない寒冷地の孤立した地域への、冬季の輸送を容易にする。それらは、物資（例えば、食料、燃料、建設資材）をこれらの地域に存在する集落に持ち込むことを可能にする^[7]。近くに小さな滑走路がある場合、他の唯一の選択肢は、航空輸送だが、これは、特に建築資材などの重量物の場合、法外なコストがかかる^[7]^[8]。

一部の地域では、地球温暖化がウィンターロードに影響を与えているのが観察されており、特にその運用寿命の大幅な短縮という形で影響している^[8] ^[9]。

脚注

^ ^a ^b Proskin et al, 2011. Guidelines for the Construction and Operation of Winter Roads, Transportation Association of Canada.
^ ^a ^b IHSA, 2014. Best practices for building and working safely on ice covers in Ontario, Mississauga, Ontario, 43 p.
^ ^a ^b NorthWest Territories Transportation, 2015. Guidelines for safe ice construction, Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, 44 p.
^ Spencer, P.A., Strandberg, A.G. and Maddock, W.A., 2008. Ice and toundra road design for module transport, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions (ICETECH), Banff.
^ Michel, B., Drouin, M., Lefebvre, L.M., Rosenberg, P. and Murray, R., 1974. Ice bridges in the James Project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 11: 599-619.
^ Barrette, P.D., 2015. A review of guidelines on ice roads in Canada: Determination of bearing capacity, Transportation Association of Canada (TAC), Charlottetown, PEI.
^ ^a ^b Kuryk, D. and Domaratzki, M., 1999. Construction and maintenance of winter roads in Manitoba, Proceedings of the 10th Workshop of the Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment (CRIPE), Winnipeg, pp. 265-275.
^ ^a ^b McGregor, R.V., Hassan, M. and Hayley, D., 2008. Climate change impacts and adaptation: Case studies of roads in Northern Canada, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation Association of Canada, Toronto.
^ Rawlings, M., Bianchi, R. and Douglas, R.A., 2009. Winter roads and ice bridges: Anomalies in their records of seasonal usage and what we can learn from them, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation Association of Canada, Vancouver.

参考文献

Proskin, et al, . (2011) (英語). Guidelines for the Construction and Operation of Winter Roads. Transportation Association of Canada. 2020年12月1日閲覧。
(英語) (pdf) Best Practices for Building and Working Safely on Ice Covers in Ontario. Infrastructure Health & Safety Association (IHSA). (2014) 2020年12月1日閲覧。
(英語) (pdf) GUIDELINES FOR SAFE ICE CONSTRUCTION. Department of Transportation of the Government of the Northwest Territories. (2015) 2020年12月1日閲覧。
“ICETECH 2008 July 20-23, 2008 Banff, Canada Program and Conference Guide” (pdf) (英語). ICETECH 2016 Conference. p. 7. 2020年12月1日閲覧。 “#167 Ice and Tundra Road Design for Module Transport, P. Spencer, A. Strandberg and W. Maddock”
Michel, B.; Drouin, M.; Lefebvre, L.M.; Rosenberg, P.; Murray, R. (1974). “Ice bridges in the James Project” (英語). Canadian Geotechnical Journal 11: 599-619. doi:10.1139/t74-060.
Barrette, PD (2015) (英語). A Review of Guidelines on Ice Roads in Canada: Determination of Bearing Capacity. Transportation Association of Canada (TAC). https://trid.trb.org/view/1399670 2020年12月1日閲覧。
Kuryk, D.; Domaratzki, M. (1999). “Construction and Maintenance of Winter Roads in Manitoba” (英語). Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers (Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment) 10: 265-275 2020年12月1日閲覧。.
Mcgregor, R.; Hassan, M.; Hayley, D. (2008) (英語) (pdf). Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: Case Studies of Roads in Northern Canada. Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada 2020年12月1日閲覧。
Rawlings, Martin; Bianchi, Ron; Douglas, Ronald A. (2009) (英語). Winter roads and ice bridges: anomalies in their records of seasonal usage and what we can learn from them. Integrated Committee on Climate Change (Climate Change Task Force) 2020年12月1日閲覧。

外部リンク

[Proskinetal11-1] Proskin et al, 2011. Guidelines for the Construction and Operation of Winter Roads, Transportation Association of Canada.

[IHSA-2] IHSA, 2014. Best practices for building and working safely on ice covers in Ontario, Mississauga, Ontario, 43 p.

[NWTT-3] NorthWest Territories Transportation, 2015. Guidelines for safe ice construction, Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, 44 p.

[Spencer_et_al-4] Spencer, P.A., Strandberg, A.G. and Maddock, W.A., 2008. Ice and toundra road design for module transport, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions (ICETECH), Banff.

[Micheletal-5] Michel, B., Drouin, M., Lefebvre, L.M., Rosenberg, P. and Murray, R., 1974. Ice bridges in the James Project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 11: 599-619.

[Barrette-6] Barrette, P.D., 2015. A review of guidelines on ice roads in Canada: Determination of bearing capacity, Transportation Association of Canada (TAC), Charlottetown, PEI.

[Kuryk&Domaratzki-7] Kuryk, D. and Domaratzki, M., 1999. Construction and maintenance of winter roads in Manitoba, Proceedings of the 10th Workshop of the Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment (CRIPE), Winnipeg, pp. 265-275.

[McGregoretal-8] McGregor, R.V., Hassan, M. and Hayley, D., 2008. Climate change impacts and adaptation: Case studies of roads in Northern Canada, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation Association of Canada, Toronto.

[Rawlingsetal-9] Rawlings, M., Bianchi, R. and Douglas, R.A., 2009. Winter roads and ice bridges: Anomalies in their records of seasonal usage and what we can learn from them, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation Association of Canada, Vancouver.

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ウィンターロード

役割

関連項目

脚注

参考文献

外部リンク