数学において、環論(かんろん、英: ring theory)は(加法と乗法が定義され、整数の持つ性質とよく似た性質を満足する代数的構造である)環を研究する学問分野である。環論の研究対象となるのは、環の構造や環の表現(環上の加群)などについての一般論、および(群環、可除環、普遍展開環などの)具体的な特定の環のクラスあるいは理論と応用の両面で興味深い様々な環の性質(たとえばホモロジー的性質や多項式の等式)などである。
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