水平多関節ロボット

水平多関節ロボットの構造図。根元から回転・回転・直進という関節配置で、実際は先端にもう1つ回転軸を持つ。

水平多関節ロボット(すいへいたかんせつロボット、SCARA)とは、産業用ロボットの一種で、水平方向にアームが動作するロボットである。スカラ(SCARA)とはSelective Compliance Assembly Robot Armの略であり、SCARA型ロボットスカラロボットと言うことが多い。

このロボットは4自由度構成で、平面3自由度の位置決めとアーム先端の上下運動による押し込み動作が可能である。水平方向にコンプライアンス(柔らかさ)を持ちながら最後のスライド軸は傾きにくいようになっているため、部品を押し込む動作を実現しやすい。[1][2]

1980年代の組み立て作業へのロボットの普及に大きく貢献し、コンソーシアムによる開発は産学連携の成功例として知られている。2006年にはカーネギーメロン大学ロボット殿堂入りも果たしている。

ロボットの特徴

ロボットの概要

1980年前後に山梨大学牧野洋教授(当時)を中心に開発された。部品の挿入やネジ締めなどといった自動組立作業に適しており、動作が速く、安価に製造できることも強みであった。1978年1月に牧野が考案し、同年4月に発足した産学連携のスカラ研究会というコンソーシアムによって開発・製品化が進められた[3]ロボット分野における産学連携の大きな成功例と言われている。[4]

組み立て作業における部品同士のはめあいの際に生じる水平方向の誤差を、アームが構造的に持つ水平方向のコンプライアンスによって吸収してしまうことを意図している。一方傾き方向の剛性を高くする必要があるため、初期の試作機や製品は屏風のような構造になっていた。また、上から部品を下に押し込むという組み立ての方針から、当初は先端の上下運動に空気圧シリンダを採用していた。[5]

現在も組み付け作業や電気回路の組立、軽量品のパレタイジングなど様々な場面で使われており[6][7]2006年には米カーネギーメロン大学ロボット殿堂入りを果たした[6]。また、2008年には国立科学博物館が指定する「重要科学技術史資料(未来技術遺産)」第00021号として「SCARA試作機」(種別:第二種、所在地:山梨県甲府市、製作年:1980年)が登録されている[8]


多関節ロボットは正確な部品の押し込み、移動が可能である。(Staubli社製)

平面上における動作

技術情報

解説記事

学術論文

特許文献

  • Hiroshi Makino (1982年7月27日). “ASSEMBLY ROBOT” (PDF). United States Patent. 2015年1月11日閲覧。 - 閉ループ機構を持つSCARA

脚注

参考文献

関連項目

外部リンク

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