古無舌上音

古無舌上音(こぶぜつじょうおん)または無舌上音説とは、中国語中古音にある舌上音上古音音韻体系になく、舌頭音と発音されていたという清代銭大昕1728年 - 1804年)による仮説である。

中古の舌音

601年に完成した韻書『切韻』によると、中国語中古音舌音には舌上音歯茎硬口蓋音またはそり舌音)と舌頭音歯茎音)の両種類があった。舌頭音とは、「」[*t]、「」[*tʰ]、「」[*d]、「」[*n] 4母の歯茎音、舌上音とは「」[]/[]、「」[*ʈʰ]/[*ȶʰ]、「」[]/[]、「」[]/[] 4母の反舌音または歯茎硬口蓋音[1]である。しかし銭大昕は自身の研究により『十駕斎養新録・巻五・舌音類隔之説不可信』に「古無舌頭、舌上之分,知、徹、澄三母,以今音讀之,與照、穿、床無別也﹐求之古音﹐則與端﹑透﹑定無異」[2](古え舌頭・舌上の分無く、知徹澄の三母は…これを古音に求むれば、則ち端透定と異なし)と云う。

舌上音と舌頭音が合わさった証拠

漢文文献

尚書·禹貢』:「大野既猪(知)[3]」『史記·夏本紀》:「大野既都(端)。」

説文解字』:“田(定),陳(澄)也。”

『説文解字』:“冲(澄)読若動(定)。”

後漢書·文苑列伝第七十上』:「催天督(端)。」文中の「天督」とは後の「天竺(知)」のこと。

文選·巻三十四·七発』:“逾岸出追。”李善による注:“追(知),古堆(端)字。”

諧声関係

舌頭音 舌上音(中古音)
桃、跳(定) 兆、晁(澄)
登、燈(端) 澄、橙(澄)
(定)、都、睹、賭(端) (知)、儲、著(澄)
(端) (澄)
(端) (澄)

方言

知組を端組で発音している閩語は現代語として「古無舌上音」の痕跡が見られる最たる例である:[4]

方言 (知 (澄二) (知 (徹三) (澄三)
福州語 [tau] [ta] [tau] [tʰeiŋ] [tiʔ]
建甌 [tsau] [ta] [te] [tʰeiŋ] [tɛ]
廈門 [ta] [te] [tau] [tʰan] [tit]
台湾語台北方言 [ta] [te] [tau] [tʰan] [tit]
潮州語 [ta] [te] [tau] [tʰaŋ] [tik]
海口 [ʔda] [ʔdɛ] [ʔdau] [haŋ] [ʔdit]

銭大昕声訓異文(伝写により字が異なること)、注音と諧声の研究で「古え舌頭・舌上の分無く」の結論に達したが、後輩の言語学者による方言の研究でついに「古え舌頭音無く」ではなく「古え舌上音無く」であったと判明した。すなわち、中古音舌上音「知徹澄」は上古音舌音「端透定」から分化したものだと分かった。

脚注

  1. ^ 馮春田、梁苑、楊淑敏 (1995年). 王力語言学詞典. 山東教育出版社. p. 495. ISBN 7532821455. http://img.chinamaxx.net/n/abroad/hwbook/chinamaxx/10196373/3bd282954d7044f98a79437ca674a551/9ff97270a67f983ca4f27e65539eab4a.shtml?tp=jpabroad 
  2. ^ 銭大昕 (1799). 十駕斎養新録. 卷五・舌音類隔之説不可信. http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=34672&page=102 2016年11月28日閲覧。 
  3. ^ 『切韻』の反切による
  4. ^ 李小凡、項夢氷 (2009). 漢語方言学基礎教程. 北京: 北京大学出版社. p. 224. ISBN 9787301158517 

参考文献

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