北京官話

北京官話(ぺきんかんわ)は、北平官話(ぺいぴんかんわ)とも呼ばれる中国語の北部の官話方言である。四声はそれぞれ、第一声陰平(55)、第二声陽平(35)、第三声上声(214)、第四声去声(51)であり、古代の入声は四声にそれぞれ割り当てられていて、第三声は同じく北方方言の東北官話よりも文字数が少ない[1]

歴史

北京官話はもともと元朝大都の時代から使われていたものが、明朝永楽年間に都が北京に移された際、40万人(元々の北平の人口より多い)が南京から北京に移ったため、北京方言と「中原音韻」や「洪武正韻」が混じり合い、古い北平方言が次第に北京方言に進化した。1728年、雍正帝が北京方言を基本とする「正音書館」を設置し、その後北京方言は次第に南京官話から離れていった。その後、北京官話は次第に南京官話から切り離され、中国官界の標準語となった。 また、南方官話と呼ばれた南京官話に対して北方官話と呼ばれ、1913年には、華中のを基調とする「旧国語」と華北のを基調とする「新国語」との間で論争が起こり、北京官話が現代の標準語の青写真となった。

下位方言

北京官話の下位方言は大きく2つ、京承方言(中国語:京承片)と朝峰方言(朝峰片;遼寧省朝陽市内蒙古自治区赤峰市など)に分かれており、前者にはさらに京承方言(京師小片;北京市河北省承徳市)と懷承方言(懷承小片;北京市懐柔区・河北省承徳市・廊坊市など)がある。

参照項目

脚注

  1. ^ 中国语言地图集: 第2版. 汉语方言卷. 北京: 中国社会科学院. p. 40. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6 

外部リンク

Read other articles:

Брейк-дансBreakin' Жанр кінокомедія, драма, мелодрамаРежисер Джоел СілбергПродюсер Аллен ДебевойзДевід ЗітоЙорам ГлобусМенахем ГоланСценарист Чарльз ПаркерАллен ДебевойзДжеральд СкейфУ головних ролях Lucinda Dickeyd[1][2][3], Shabba-Dood, Michael Chambersd[1][3], Крісто

 

العلاقات السودانية السريلانكية السودان سريلانكا   السودان   سريلانكا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات السودانية السريلانكية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين السودان وسريلانكا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين:

 

This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2022) Kwan Yuk-noan (Chinese: 關沃暖; born 27 March 1945) is a Taiwanese engineer and politician. Education Kwan studied civil engineering at National Cheng Kung University and Tulane University.[1][2] Political career Kwan joined the Kuomintang in 1972 and was involved in several organizations for overs...

Masiela LushaLusha, 2010LahirMasiela LushaPekerjaanPemeran,penyair, novelis, dan cerpenisTahun aktif2001–sekarangSitus webhttp://www.masielalusha.com/Tanda tangan Masiela Lusha (lahir 23 Oktober 1985) adalah seorang pemeran, penyair, novelis, dan cerpenis Amerika Serikat. Dia merupakan pemenang Young Artist Award. Dia menjadi terkenal setelah memerankan tokoh Carmen Lopez pada sitcom ternama George Lopez. Ia lalu juga banyak bermain di film-film terkenal seperti Time of the Come, Blood...

 

For the comedy short film, see The Statue (1913 film). For the British comedy film, see The Statue (1971 film). 6th episode of the 2nd season of Seinfeld The StatueSeinfeld episodeEpisode no.Season 2Episode 6Directed byTom CheronesWritten byLarry CharlesProduction code210Original air dateApril 11, 1991 (1991-04-11)Guest appearances Nurit Koppel as Rava Etesei Michael D. Conway as Raymond Thomas Wochinsky Ray Thomas Episode chronology ← PreviousThe Apartment Next...

 

Religious account of a Hindu temple and its site Not to be confused with Purana. The Sthala Purana (Tala Valararu) of Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Thiruvenkatanathapuram, Tirunelveli, written in Tamil outside the shrine. A Sthala Purana or a Sthalapurana (Sanskrit: स्थलपुराण, romanized: Sthalapurāṇa, lit. 'regional history') refers to a religious account that recounts the historical significance of a Hindu temple, or the sacredness of the region in which...

Italian footballer Demetrio Albertini Albertini in 2010Personal informationFull name Demetrio Albertini[1]Date of birth (1971-08-23) 23 August 1971 (age 52)Place of birth Besana in Brianza, ItalyHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career MilanSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1988–2002 Milan 293 (21)1990–1991 → Padova (loan) 28 (5)2002–2003 Atlético Madrid 28 (2)2003–2004 Lazio 23 (2)2004–2005 Atalanta 14 (1)2005 Barcelona 5 (0)Total...

 

L'Armorial des familles de Saintonge et d'Aunis présente les armoiries, ainsi que les devises des familles nobles et notables ayant eu une présence significative en Saintonge et Aunis sous l'Ancien Régime, par ordre alphabétique, sans tenir compte de la chronologie. Saintonge Aunis Familles de Saintonge et d'Aunis Sommaire : Haut - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Blason Nom de la famille, blasonnement et devise Famille d'Abillon de Savignac ou Dabillon De gu...

 

Fórmula 1 de 1982 Anterior: 1981    Posterior: 1983 Fórmula 1 Geral História Regulamento Sistema de pontuação Pilotas Superlicença FIA Listas Pilotos campeões Construtores campeões Países campeões Vencedores Grandes Prêmios Autódromos Recordes Acidentes fatais Bandeiras Vermelhas Organizações Federação Internacional do Automóvel Conselho Mundial de Automobilismo da FIA Formula One Management Associação dos Construtores da Fórmula 1 Associação das Equi...

Agrupación de las Fuerzas DemocráticasRassemblement des Forces Démocratiques Presidente Ahmed Ould DaddahFundación 2000Precedido por Union of Democratic ForcesIdeología Socialismo democráticoSocialdemocraciaSecularismoSede NuakchotPaís Mauritania MauritaniaAfiliación internacional Internacional Socialista, Alianza Progresista[editar datos en Wikidata] La Agrupación de las Fuerzas Democráticas (en francés, Rassemblement des Forces Démocratiques) es un partido políti...

 

Chemical compound (known in solution as bleach) Sodium hypochlorite Names IUPAC name Sodium hypochlorite Other names AntiforminBleachChloride of sodaIn dilution:Carrel-Dakin solutionModified Dakin's solutionSurgical chlorinated soda solution Identifiers CAS Number 7681-52-9 (anhydrous) Y10022-70-5 (pentahydrate) Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:32146 Y ChemSpider 22756 Y DrugBank DBSALT001517 ECHA InfoCard 100.028.790 EC Number 231-668-3 KEGG D017...

 

1990 film score by Jerry GoldsmithTotal RecallFilm score by Jerry GoldsmithReleased1990 (original release)2000 (deluxe edition)June 1, 2015 (25th anniversary re-issue)November 27, 2020 (30th anniversary re-issue)GenreFilm scoreLength40:13 (original release)71:20 (deluxe edition)144:03 (25th anniversary re-issue)117:43 (30th anniversary re-issue)LabelVarèse SarabandeQuartet RecordsProducerJerry GoldsmithJerry Goldsmith chronology Star Trek V: The Final Frontier(1989) Total Recall(1990...

Further information: List of songs recorded by Kendrick Lamar Kendrick Lamar discographyLamar in 2016Studio albums5Compilation albums1EPs1Singles65Soundtrack albums1Mixtapes5Promotional singles3 American rapper Kendrick Lamar has released five studio albums, one compilation album, one extended play (EP), five mixtapes, 65 singles (including 44 as a featured artist), and three promotional singles. Lamar initially performed under the stage name K.Dot, releasing three mixtapes under that moniker...

 

Futuristic discographyFuturistic performing at the Independent Grind Tour in 2018Studio albums14EPs3Singles130Collaborative albums2 The discography of American rapper, singer and songwriter Futuristic consists of fourteen studio albums, two collaboration albums, three extended plays and 130 singles (including 29 singles as a featured artist). Albums Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and details Title Album details Peak chart positions US[1] US Heat[...

 

Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Für weitere Verwendungen siehe Wasserschloss. Okertalsperre: Druckstollen zum Kraftwerk mit Wasserschloss Ein Wasserschloss fängt den Druckstoß in der Wasserleitung eines Wasserkraftwerks ab, der beim Schließen des Schiebers entsteht. Dieser Druckstoß würde sonst die Rohrleitung (den Druckstollen) oder den Schieber zerstören. Das Wasserschloss ist in der Regel als Schacht konstruiert, in dem der Wasserspiegel auf und ab pendeln kann, um den Dru...

International, informal fan base James Bond fandom (The Bond Community) is an international and informal community drawn together by Ian Fleming's James Bond series. The fandom works through the use of many different forms of media, including fan clubs, web sites[1] and fanzines.[2] Various Bond film shooting locations have become fan tourism locations. Several YouTube channels and podcasts, such as The Bond Brain on Spotify, help to keep the fan community active. Fan clubs an...

 

Thai writer This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (August 2020) Subha DevakulBorn(1928-02-07)February 7, 1928Bangkok, ThailandDiedSeptember 5, 1993(1993-09-05) (aged 65)NationalityThaiEducationChulanak Girl SchoolRajini Bon SchoolTriam Udom Suksa SchoolGenreFictionSpouseMom Rajawongse Daddeb Devakula Subha Devakul (also known as Supa Devaku) (1928 – 1993) was a T...

 

For the pipe stress analysis software, see Caesar II (analysis program). 1995 video gameCaesar IIDeveloper(s)Impressions GamesPublisher(s)Sierra On-LineDesigner(s)Christopher J. FosterDavid LesterProgrammer(s)Simon BradburyArtist(s)Chris BeatriceComposer(s)Jeremy A. BellJason P. RinaldiSeriesCity BuildingPlatform(s)MS-DOS/Windows, MacintoshRelease4 September 19951996 (Macintosh)Genre(s)City-buildingMode(s)Single-player Caesar II is a 1995 video game of the Caesar video game series that takes ...

1937 mayoral election in Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland mayoral election, 1937 ← 1935 November 2, 1937 1939 →   Nominee Harold Hitz Burton John McWilliams Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 144,558 110,026 Percentage 56.78% 43.22% Mayor before election Harold Hitz Burton Republican Elected Mayor Harold Hitz Burton Republican Elections in Ohio Federal government U.S. President 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 ...

 

A town in Tabuk provence of Saudi Arabia This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Makna, Saudi Arabia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Tabuk regionMakna, also known as Magna, is a town in Tabuk Province of Saudi Arabia. Located at 28° 23' 51...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!