Xelha

Xelha
Localizzazione
StatoMessico (bandiera) Messico
Mappa di localizzazione
Map

Xelha (scritto in spagnolo Xelhá; in maya yucateco Xel-Há) è un sito archeologico della civiltà maya situato sulla costa orientale della penisola dello Yucatán, nello stato moderno di Quintana Roo in Messico, a sud della città moderna di Playa del Carmen. Il nome deriva dall'unione delle parole della lingua maya yucateca xel, fonte, e ha', acqua.

Storia

Non si sa quando Xelha sia stata fondata, ma era già occupata a partire dal primo secolo. Non venne completamente abbandonata fino al XIX secolo. Nel 1841 John Lloyd Stephens e Frederick Catherwood hanno trovato una stele con una data, 9.6.10.0.0, equivalente al 564.

Xelha fu uno dei porti più importanti della città maya di Coba, altri erano Tancah e Tulum. Probabilmente era anche un punto di scambio culturale tra i maya e la gente dei caraibi.

La zona di Xelha venne usata come base dall'Impero spagnolo, durante la prima spedizione del conquistador Francisco de Montejo il Vecchio.[1] Montejo, che aveva ottenuto autorizzazione dal governo spagnolo di pacificare la penisola dello Yucatán,[2] attraversò lo stretto dell'isola di Cozumel per arrivare alle lagune di Xelha, a poca distanza da un villaggio maya locale. Riuscì a stabilire il primo insediamento spagnolo della penisola, che chiamò "Salamanca de Xelha". I rifornimenti e i viveri portati erano insufficienti per la spedizione. Nonostante gli assalti agli insediamenti maya e alle razzie effettuate per ottenere cibo, la piccola colonia perse 50 uomini nei primi due mesi a causa della fame e delle malattie.[3]

Le forze armate di Montejo si riorganizzarono in seguito a sufficienza per esplorare le zone circostanti, partendo con 125 uomini verso Ecab a nord. Ritornarono mesi dopo, avendo perso metà degli uomini in battaglia con i maya della città di Ake e a causa delle malattie. I 65 conquistadores rimasti a Salamanca de Xelha avevano subito diversi attacchi dai Maya, e Montejo rimase con un terzo del suo contingente iniziale.[4]

L'arrivo fortuito di una delle sue navi da Santo Domingo con approvvigionamenti e rinforzi evitò il disastro completo, e venne quindi organizzata una spedizione verso sud a Chetumal. Anche questo tentativo fallì, e dopo 18 mesi dall'arrivo di Montejo nello Yucatán, sia Xelha che gli accampamenti costieri vennero abbandonati.[5]

Note

  1. ^ Clendinnen (1987, p.21); Wright (2005, p.162)
  2. ^ Clendinnen (1987, p.20)
  3. ^ Clendinnen (1987, p.21)
  4. ^ Athena Review (1999); Clendinnen (1987, p.21)
  5. ^ Athena Review (1999); Clendinnen (1987, pp.21–23)

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