Pace di Schärding

Targa commemorativa a Schärding

La pace di Schärding (29 settembre 1369) mise fine alla lotta successoria per la dominazione del Tirolo tra la Baviera, rappresentata dal casato di Wittelsbach e l'Austria degli Asburgo.[1]

Quando nel 1363 morì improvvisamente Mainardo III, duca dell'Alta Baviera e conte del Tirolo, sia gli Asburgo sia i Wittelsbach avanzarono pretese sulla successione del titolo e sul dominio del Tirolo.

Da parte bavarese la successione di Mainardo era rivendicata dallo zio Stefano II di Baviera duca della Bassa Baviera e fratello del padre di Mainardo, Ludovico V di Baviera.[1]

Dall'altra parte vi era Rodolfo IV d'Asburgo cognato della madre di Mainardo e contessa ereditaria del Tirolo Margherita di Tirolo-Gorizia, a cui la stessa aveva affidato il governo del Tirolo nel 1363. Rodolfo era riuscito a convincere Margherita a nominare, tramite un atto firmato a Bolzano il 26 febbraio del 1363, sé stesso e i suoi fratelli eredi del Tirolo.[2]

Tra il 1363 e il 1364 Stefano II insieme al fratello Alberto I di Baviera intraprese una serie di campagne militare contro il Tirolo senza ottenere però lo sperato successo. Incontrarono forte resistenza soprattutto nelle città di Hall e Innsbruck. Il conflitto toccava una serie di equilibri tra le potenze europee e l'imperatore del Sacro Romano Impero Carlo IV, imparentato con gli Asburgo, confermò il titolo di conte del Tirolo a Rodolfo IV. Vi fu una breve tregua e iniziarono gli accordi per un indennizzo, nel 1368 i bavaresi però ricominciarono le ostilità spingendosi a sud fino quasi a Bressanone ma anche questa volta senza successo.[1]

Il 29 settembre del 1369 nella città di Schärding che all'epoca apparteneva alla Baviera ma era promessa all'Austria, i duchi Stefano II di Baviera e Alberto III d'Asburgo, alla presenza di molti nobili di entrambi i paesi, stipularono un accordo che coinvolgeva anche altre parti, da parte Wittelsbach Alberto I e i figli di Stefano II (Stefano III, Federico e Giovanni II), da parte Asburgo anche Leopoldo III.[1]

La parte bavarese rinunciava ad ogni rivendicazione sulla contea del Tirolo, entrambe le parti avrebbero smantellato le fortificazioni nel territorio dell'altro, la città di Schärding venne assegnata alla Baviera e gli Asburgo si impegnarono a convincere Margherita alla rinuncia alle città di Kufstein, Kitzbühel e Rattenberg,[1] venne inoltre stabilito il pagamento alla Baviera di un indennizzo pari a 116.000 fiorini.[3]

Margherita morì 4 giorni dopo la stipula dell'accordo.

Conseguenze

La pace di Schärding stabilì l'appartenenza del Tirolo ai possedimenti degli Asburgo. Per i Wittelsbach il controllo del Tirolo avrebbe rappresentato una testa di ponte per l'allargamento dell'influenza verso sud e verso il Norditalia in cui, tramite legami di matrimonio e di parentele, la casata bavarese aveva interessi economici e di potere.[1]

Nei secoli successivi vi furono da parte della Baviera diversi tentativi di riconquista del Tirolo.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f g (DE) Josef Riedmann, Friede von Schärding, 29. September 1369, in Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, 9 settembre 2009. URL consultato il 26 maggio 2024.
  2. ^ Von Sattler, p. 159.
  3. ^ Von Sattler, p. 160.

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