Naxaliti

Aree in cui operavano gruppi Naxaliti nel 2013
Aree in cui operavano gruppi Naxaliti nel 2007

Naxaliti è il nome con cui vengono chiamati i gruppi di ribelli maoisti protagonisti del conflitto Naxalite-Maoista in corso in India dal 1967.[1] Il termine deriva dal villaggio di Naxalbari, nello Stato del Bengala Occidentale, dove il 18 maggio del 1967 scoppiò una rivolta di contadini guidati da Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal e Jangal Santhal contro i latifondisti locali.[2][3] Le origini di questa rivolta possono essere riscontrate nella rottura del Partito Comunista d'India, di matrice Marxista, in piccoli partiti d'estrema sinistra, tra cui il gruppo CPI(ML), di stampo Maoista e che decise di intraprendere la "rivoluzione armata".

Diffusi soprattutto negli Stati dell'Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashta e del Chhattisgarh, i Naxaliti sono accreditati di un esercito di circa 10-15 000 uomini riuniti nel People's Liberation Guerrilla Army, espressione militare del Partito Comunista d'India (maoista) il cui leader è Muppala Lakshman Rao, detto Ganapathi. Inoltre, la presenza di un numero di membri attivi e regolari che non partecipa direttamente agli scontri armati si stima possa aggirarsi tra i 10.000 e i 40.000 uomini.[2][4][5] Malgrado il territorio in cui l'influenza naxalita sia ampiamente diminuito negli ultimi anni, attualmente controllano ampie aree di foresta in diversi distretti, soprattutto nel distretto di Bastar e nel distretto di Dantewada[6][7].

I Naxaliti si ispirano alla visone del comunismo descritta dalle teorie di Mao Zedong sulla rivoluzione rurale del popolo e sulla Lunga Marcia dalle campagne verso la capitale. Riconoscono come loro fondatore il leader comunista Charu Mazumdar, appartenente al CPI, morto in un carcere indiano nel 1972 dopo essere stato imprigionato per le sue idee.[8][9]

La lotta armata dei naxaliti è stata particolarmente violenta negli anni tra il 2002 e il 2009, quando il gruppo armato è arrivato a controllare un enorme parte del territorio dell'India orientale ed è stato definito dal primo ministro indiano Manmohan Singh come uno dei gruppi terroristici armati più grandi del mondo e come la maggiore minaccia alla sicurezza dello stato indiano.[10]

Dopo il suo ultimo congresso clandestino, il partito maoista ha sancito la leadership di Muppala Lakshman Rao e ha esplicitato l'obiettivo di focalizzare le azioni di lotta contro le cosiddette Zone Economiche Speciali, le aree in cui dal 2005 lo Stato indiano concede vantaggi fiscali e di altro genere per favorire la costruzione di nuovi impianti industriali. Secondo i naxaliti, la costituzione indiana e le politiche economiche adottate dallo stato "ratificano politiche coloniali e segregano le comunità tribali d'India in appezzamenti".

Note

  1. ^ India's Naxalites: A spectre haunting India, in The Economist, 12 aprile 2006. URL consultato il 13 luglio 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 23 maggio 2010).
  2. ^ a b Conflict Encyclopedia, India: government, Government of India - CPI-Maoist, Formation of CPI-Maoist and continued conflict, su ucdp.uu.se. URL consultato il 29 maggio 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 febbraio 2013).
  3. ^ Ashook Handoo, Naxal Problem needs a holistic approach, su pib.nic.in, Press Information Bureau. URL consultato l'8 agosto 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale l'8 settembre 2009).
  4. ^ Primer: Who are the Naxalites?: Rediff.com news, su us.rediff.com. URL consultato il 13 luglio 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 maggio 2009).
  5. ^ TNN, 58% in AP say Naxalism is good, finds TOI poll, su timesofindia.indiatimes.com, 28 settembre 2010. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2017 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 febbraio 2017).
  6. ^ Special project for Naxal areas to be extended to 18 more districts, in The Times of India, India, 8 dicembre 2011. URL consultato il 2 gennaio 2012 (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 aprile 2013). Times of India describes some details of ongoing nationwide Naxalite containment program, its "Integrated Action Plan".
  7. ^ Co-ordinated operations to flush out Naxalites soon (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 febbraio 2009). The Economic Times, 6 February 2009.
  8. ^ (EN) The Naxalbari Uprising, in 30 years of Naxalbari. URL consultato il 2 marzo 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 31 ottobre 2010).
  9. ^ (EN) Nadeem Ahmed, Naxalite Ideology: Charu's Eight Documents, in The Hindustan Times. URL consultato il 2 marzo 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 21 dicembre 2016).
  10. ^ Development master remedy against Maoists: PM (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º giugno 2012).. TwoCircles.net (30 June 2011). Retrieved on 2014-05-21.

Bibliografia

  • Edward Duyker Tribal Guerrillas, The Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite Movement, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1987, p. 201, SBN 19 561938 2.
  • Alessandro Gilioli, Premiata macelleria delle Indie, Rizzoli, 2007
  • Piero Pagliani, Naxalbari-India. L'insurrezione nella futura terza potenza mondiale, Mimesis, 2007
  • Mohan Ram, Il comunismo in India. Via pacifica o guerra di popolo, Mazzotta, 1971
  • Sumanta Banerjee, In the Wake of Naxalbari: A History of the Naxalite Movement in India, Subarnarekha, 1980.
  • Sankar Ghosh, The Naxalite Movement: A Maoist Experiment, Published by Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, Calcutta, 1975. ISBN 0883865688.
  • J. C. Johari, Naxalite Politics in India, Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies, New Delhi, 1972.
  • Sohail Jawaid, The Naxalite Movement in India: Origin and Failure of the Maoist Revolutionary Strategy in West Bengal, 1967-1971, Associated Pub. House, 1979.
  • Judge Paramjit S., Insurrection to Agitation The Naxalite Movement in Punjab. Mumbai 1992, ISBN 81-7154-527-0
  • Louis Prakash, People Power: The Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar. New Delhi 2002, ISBN 81-87412-07-0
  • Prakash Singh, The Naxalite Movement in India. New Delhi 1995, ISBN 81-7167-294-9

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