Economia neoclassica

In economia con la locuzione economia neoclassica ci si riferisce ad un approccio generale alla disciplina economica basato sulla determinazione di prezzi, produzione e reddito attraverso il modello matematico di domanda e offerta.

La scuola di economia neoclassica è convenzionalmente fatta partire dagli anni 1871-1874, quando vennero pubblicate le prime opere sistematiche di William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger e Léon Walras. Il nuovo modello, denominato marginalismo, tende a trasformare l'economia in una scienza esatta al pari della fisica, e si contrappone sia allo sviluppo marxista del pensiero degli economisti classici, sia alla scuola storica tedesca dell'economia.

Principi della teoria neoclassica

Gli individui, secondo la teoria neoclassica, massimizzano una funzione di utilità vincolata dal reddito, e le imprese massimizzano i profitti essendo vincolate dalle informazioni e dai fattori della produzione.[1] La teoria economica prevalente, almeno per quel che riguarda la microeconomia, si rifà alle ipotesi neoclassiche. La scuola neoclassica è spesso chiamata scuola marginalista.[2]

Predominio dell'approccio neoclassico

La teoria economica neoclassica copre l'area oggi denominata microeconomia, e assieme all'economia keynesiana costituisce la sintesi neoclassica che è dominante nella teoria economica attualmente insegnata nelle università.[3] Ciò nonostante ci sono economisti contemporanei che hanno espresso critiche nei confronti del modello neoclassico, talvolta producendo formulazione aggiornate del modello stesso, e talvolta rifacendosi a modelli diversi.

Principali economisti neoclassici

Alcuni fra i principali economisti neoclassici sono:[2]

Note

  1. ^ Antonietta Campus, "Marginal economics", in The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, vol.3, Londra e New York, Macmillan and Stockton, 1987, p. 323.
  2. ^ a b John Kenneth Galbraith, Storia dell'economia, Milano, RCS Rizzoli, 2006, p. 124, ISBN 88-17-11514-2.
  3. ^ Clark, B. (1998). Principles of political economy: A comparative approach. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
  4. ^ Menger fu tra i fondatori del pensiero economico neoclassico, ma anche capofila della cosiddetta Scuola austriaca. Si veda il seguente collegamento: (EN) Carl Menger dalla Enciclopedia Britannica on line, su student.britannica.com. URL consultato il 14 marzo 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 26 febbraio 2008).

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