Lingua fon

Fon
Fɔngbè
Parlato inBenin, Nigeria e Togo
Locutori
Totale1.450.000[1]
Tassonomia
FilogenesiLingue niger-kordofaniane
 Congo-atlantiche
  Volta-congo
   Kwa
    Lingue kwa della sponda sinistra
     Gbe
Codici di classificazione
ISO 639-2fon
ISO 639-3fon (EN)
Glottologfonn1241 (EN)

La lingua fon o fon-gbe (nome locale : Fɔngbè), è una lingua veicolare parlata nel Benin, in Nigeria e nel Togo. È stata fatta oggetto di molti studi linguistici (fonologia, lessico e sintassi).

È la lingua più parlata nel Benin, essendo praticata da circa il 50 % della popolazione, principalmente nel sud e nel centro del paese.

Fu la lingua ufficiale dell'antico Regno di Dahomey (Danxome). Oggigiorno viene utilizzata dalle radio e dalle televisioni pubbliche e private del Benin, e viene utilizzata nei programmi di alfabetizzazione e di educazione degli adulti. In Nigeria, viene parlata nel sud-ovest. Nel Togo, è parlata nel centro e nel sud.

La parola di questa lingua più conosciuta sul piano internazionale è vodun, che significa Lo Spirito a parte, e da cui è derivato il termine Vudù, dopo che essa venne portata ad Haiti dagli schiavi.

Ripartizione delle principali lingue gbe (da Capo 1988, 1991), Il fon è in violetto.

Pronuncia

Vocali

Anteriore Centrale Posteriore
Chiusa i, ĩ u, ũ
Semi-chiusa e, (ẽ) o, (õ)
Semi-aperta ɛ, ɛ̃ ɔ, ɔ̃
Aperta a, ã

Consonanti

Bilabiale Labio-
dentale
Alveolare Post-
alveolare
Retroflessa Palatale Velare Labio-velare
Occlusiva (p) b t d ɖ k g k͡p ɡ͡b
Nasale m n r
Fricativa f v s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ ɣʷ
Vibrante ɲ
Spirante j w
Spirante laterale l

Scrittura

Il fon viene scritto utilizzando l'alfabeto latino. In Benin, l’Alphabet des langues nationales pubblicato nel 1975, e rieditato nel 1990, definisce le lettere ed i digrammi utilizzati nell'ortografia fon.

Alfabeto fon[2]
Maiuscole A B C D Ɖ E Ɛ F G GB H I J K KP L M N NY O Ɔ P R S T U V W X Y Z
Minuscole a b c d ɖ e ɛ f g gb h i j k kp l m n ny o ɔ p r s t u v w x y z
Valore fonético /a/ /b/ /c/ /d/ /ɖ/ /e/ /ɛ/ /f/ /g/ /ɡ͡b/ /ɣ/ /i/ // /k/ /k͡p/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /o/ /ɔ/ /p/ /l/ /s/ /t/ /u/ /v/ /w/ /x/ /j/ /z/

Le vocali nasalizzate si scrivono con la lettera della vocale seguita dalla lettera ‹ n ›.

Vocali nasali[2]
Grafia an ɛn in ɔn un
Valore fonético ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ĩ ɔ̃ ũ

Mesi dell'anno

Mesi dell'anno, sun e ɖo xwe mɛ lɛɛ
In italiano In fon Significato
gennaio alunsun mese della siccità
febbraio zofinkplɔsun mese della bruciatura dei campi
marzo xwejisun mese della prima pioggia dell'anno
aprile lidosun mese in cui si semina il miglio
maggio nuxwasun mese della sarchiatura
giugno ayidosun mese in cui si seminano i fagiolini
luglio liyasun mese in cui si raccoglie il miglio
agosto avuvɔsun mese del freddo
settembre zosun mese della seconda raccolta del cibo
ottobre kɔnyasun mese in cui si impasta la terra per costruire i muri
novembre abɔxwisun mese in cui il sorgo muore
dicembre woosun mese dell'harmattan (vento caldo e polveroso)

Note

  1. ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fon
  2. ^ a b Centre national de linguistique appliquée, 1990

Bibliografia

  • Rassinoux, Jean, 2000, Dictionnaire Français-Fon, Madrid,Société des Missions Africaines
  • Gbéto, Flavien, 2000, Les emprunts linguistiques d'origine européenne en Fon (Nouveau Kwa, Gbe:Bénin), Köln, Rüdiger Köppe. .
  • Guédou, Georges A. G., 1985, Xó et gbè, langage et culture chez les Fon (Bénin), Langues et cultures africaines 4 Paris, SELAF, 1985.
  • Guillet, Gérard, 1972, Initiation à la tonalité et à la grammaire de la langue fon, 242 p., format 27 x 21 cm, Cotonou, Librairie Notre Dame.
  • Höftmann, Hildegard (1993), Grammatik des Fon, Berlin, Langenscheidt Verlag Enzyklopedie, 216 pages, ISBN 3-324-00333-4 (il s'agit de la première grammaire scientifique du fongbe publiée en allemand)
  • Höftmann, Hildegard (2003), Dictionnaire fon-français, avec une esquisse grammaticale. En collaboration avec Michel Ahohounkpanzon. (Westafrikanische Studien: Frankfurter Beiträge zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte, 27.) Köln, Rüdiger Köppe, ISBN 3-89645-463-3, p. 424,
  • Höftmann, Hildegard (2012), Dictionnaire Français–Fon. En collaboration avec Michel Ahohounkpanzon et Cécile Boko. Westafrikanische Studien: Frankfurter Beiträge zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte, 35.) Köln, Rüdiger Köppe, 431 pages. ISBN 978-3-89645-471-3.
  • Lefebvre, Claire & Anne-Marie Brousseau (2002), A Grammar of Fongbe, (Mouton Grammar Library, 25.), Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter. <Kwa>.
  • Lafage, Suzanne, 1975, Contribution à un inventaire chronologique des publications concernant l'aire culturelle Ewé, (deuxième partie), Annales de l'Université d'Abidjan, 1975, Série H, Linguistique, tome VIII, Fascicule I, Pages 159-189, ISBN 2-7166-0134-8
  • Akoha, Albert Bienvenu, 2010, Syntaxe et Lexicologie du Fon-Gbe, Bénin, Paris, L'Harmattan.
  • Commission nationale de linguistique. Alphabet des langues nationales. République populaire du Benin, Ministère de l'éducation nationale, Commission nationale de linguistique (Porto-Novo), 1975.
  • Centre national de linguistique appliquée. Alphabet des langues nationales, 2e éd. CENALA, Cotonou, Bénin, 1990.
  • Dominique Fadaïro, langue et culture du Bénin, in Parlons fon, L’Harmattan, 2001, ISBN 2-7475-1591-5.
  • Flavien Gbeto e Michel Ahohounkpanzon, Bibliographie analytique de la littérature et des travaux scientifiques sur les langues béninoises, Coopération suisse, Cellule d’appui aux activités d’alphabétisation, Cotonou, Bénin, 2002.
  • Jean Rassinoux, Dictionnaire français-fon, Société des Missions Africaines, 2000, ISBN 84-931654-0-9.

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