Lingua aleutina

Aleutino
Unangam Tunuu
Parlato inRussia (bandiera) Russia
Stati Uniti (bandiera) Stati Uniti
Regioni Alaska
Kamčatka
Locutori
Totale150
Altre informazioni
ScritturaSillabario inuktitut e alfabeto latino
Tassonomia
FilogenesiLingue eschimo-aleutine
 Aleutino
Codici di classificazione
ISO 639-2ale
ISO 639-3ale (EN)
Glottologaleu1260 (EN)
Linguasphere60-AA
Estratto in lingua
Dichiarazione universale dei diritti umani, art. 1
Anĝaĝinam huzungis agaxtakuu ingisxigikux̂ ama liidax̂ nagan sahnganaxtada. Txin sakaaĝatal anagis mataxchx̂ida inaqamchix̂ agangudaganasaaĝiiĝutakus ludaangan huzuu ngaan quĝasaatakus.

La lingua aleutina (nome nativo Unangam Tunuu) è una lingua appartenente alla famiglia linguistica eschimo-aleutina parlata negli Stati Uniti d'America, nello stato dell'Alaska, e in Russia, nel Territorio della Kamčatka.

Distribuzione geografica

Si tratta della lingua del popolo aleutino (Unangax̂) che popola le Isole Aleutine, le isole Pribilof e le Isole del Commodoro. Nel 2007 i parlanti aleutini erano all'incirca 150[1].

Dialetti

Le principali varietà dialettali sono l'aleutino orientale, l'atkan e l'attuan.

Tra i dialetti del gruppo orientale meritano una speciale menzione l'unalaska, il belkofski, l'akutan, il pribilof, il kashega e il nikolski. Il dialetto delle Pribilof è quello che conta il maggior numero di parlanti viventi.

Il gruppo atkan comprende i dialetti di Atka e dell'Isola di Bering.

L'attuan, oggi estinto, era un dialetto distinto che presentava elementi di transizione tra l'atkan e l'aleutino orientale. L'aleutino di Mednyj è una lingua creola tra attuan e russo, dovuto agli insediamenti russi presenti sull'Isola del Rame (in russo Медный, Medny o Mednyj). Per ironia della sorte, l'attuale aleutino dell'isola di Mednyj è parlato unicamente sull'isola di Bering, su cui gli abitanti dell'isola di Mednyj furono evacuati nel 1969.

Tutti i dialetti presentano influenze lessicali dal russo; l'aleutino dell'isola di Mednyj ha anche adottato molte parole con terminazioni russe.

Fonologia

Consonanti

I fonemi consonantici dei vari dialetti aleutini sono riportati nella tabella sotto. La prima riga di ogni cella indica la rappresentazione in Alfabeto fonetico internazionale del fonema in questione; la seconda riga indica la trascrizione del fonema secondo l'ortografia aleutina. Le forme ortografiche in corsivo rappresentano prestiti fonetici dal russo o dall'inglese, mentre le forme ortografiche in grassetto rappresentano i fonemi nativi aleutini. Si tenga presente che alcuni fonemi sono limitati ad alcune varietà dialettali dell'aleutino.

  Labiale Dentale Alveolare Palatale Velare Uvulare Glottale
Occlusiva /p/
p
/b/
b
/t/
t
/d/
d
/t̺͡s̺/
*
/tʃ/
ch
  /k/
k
/ɡ/
g
/q/
q
   
Fricativa /f/
f
/v/
v*
/θ/
hd
/ð/
d
  /s/
s
/z/
z
/x/
x
/ɣ/
g
/χ/
/ʁ/
ĝ
 
Nasale /m̥/
hm
/m/
m
/n̥/
hn
/n/
n
    /ŋ̥/
hng
/ŋ/
ng
   
Laterale   /ɬ/
hl
/l/
l
         
Approssimante /ʍ/
hw
/w/
w
  /ɹ/,/ɾ/
r
/ç/
hy
/j/
y
    /h/
h
* Riscontrato soltanto nella varietà dell'isola di Attu (/v/)
Riscontrato soltanto in Aleutino orientale
Riscontrato soltanto in Atkan e in alcuni prestiti

Taff et al. (2001, p. 234) riportano che il moderno aleutino orientale ha perduto molte distinzioni sonore tra nasali, sibilanti e approssimanti.


Note

  1. ^ Krauss 2007, p. 408.

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Michael E. Krauss, Native languages of Alaska, in Osahito Miyaoko, Osamu Sakiyama e Michael E. Krauss (a cura di), The Vanishing Voices of the Pacific Rim, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • (EN) Jerrold M. Sadock, Berkeley Linguistic Society, Aleut Number Agreement, 26º Meeting annuale, 2000.
  • Alice Taff, Lorna Rozelle, Taehong Cho, Peter Ladefoged, Moses Dirks e Jacob Wegelin, Phonetic structures of Aleut, in Journal of Phonetics, vol. 29, n. 3, 2001, pp. 231-271, DOI:10.1006/jpho.2001.0142, ISSN 0095-4470 (WC · ACNP).

Collegamenti esterni

  • (EN) Aleut language, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Modifica su Wikidata
  • (EN) Lingua aleutina, su Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Ethnologue. Modifica su Wikidata
  • (EN) University of Alaska Fairbanks, Aleut Collections List, su alaska.edu. URL consultato il 12 agosto 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 17 novembre 2007).
  • (RU) Aleut Language, su beringisland.ru. URL consultato il 12 agosto 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º maggio 2011).
  • (ALE) Alaskan Orthodox Christian texts, su asna.ca. URL consultato il 12 agosto 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale l'8 maggio 2015).
  • Information on Aleut at the Rosetta Project [collegamento interrotto], su rosettaproject.org.
Controllo di autoritàLCCN (ENsh85003358 · GND (DE4120109-7 · BNF (FRcb120765283 (data) · J9U (ENHE987007293792305171

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