HD 209458

HD 209458
La stella vista con un telescopio amatoriale
ClassificazioneNana gialla
Classe spettraleF9V[1]
Tipo di variabileVariabile a transito planetario[2]
Distanza dal Sole154 anni luce
CostellazionePegaso
Coordinate
(all'epoca J2000.0)
Ascensione retta22h 03m 10,8s[1]
Declinazione+18° 53′ 04″[1]
Lat. galattica-28,5269[1]
Long. galattica76,7535[1]
Parametri orbitali
Sistema planetariosì (HD 209458 b)
Dati fisici
Raggio medio1,203[3] R
Massa
1,148[3] M
Periodo di rotazione14,4 giorni
Temperatura
superficiale
  • 6071 ± 20 K[3] (media)
Luminosità
1,77
Indice di colore (B-V)+0,574 ±0,014[4]
Metallicità0,00 ± 0,02[4]
Età stimata4 ± 2 × 109 anni[4]
Dati osservativi
Magnitudine app.7,65[1]
Magnitudine ass.4,28 ±0,10[4]
Parallasse21,24 ± 1,00 mas
Moto proprioAR: 28,90[1] mas/anno
Dec: -18,37[1] mas/anno
Velocità radiale-14,8 km/s[1]
Nomenclature alternative
V376 Pegasi, BD +18°4917, SAO 107623, HIP 108859

HD 209458 è una stella situata nella costellazione di Pegaso. Si tratta di un astro molto simile al Sole, lievemente più massiccio, che dista circa 150 anni luce dal sistema solare. Data la distanza, la stella appare di ottava magnitudine e pertanto risulta invisibile ad occhio nudo, anche se può essere individuata con l'ausilio di un buon binocolo od anche con un piccolo telescopio.

Attorno alla stella orbita un pianeta extrasolare, HD 209458 b, che fa parte della categoria dei gioviani caldi.

La stella

La posizione della stella nella costellazione di Pegaso.

HD 209458 è una nana gialla di classe spettrale G0 V, con una massa di 1,13 ± 0,025 masse solari, un raggio 1,15 volte quello solare ed una luminosità 1,77 volte la luminosità solare.[3] Si tratta di una stella relativamente ricca in metalli: infatti, il valore della sua metallicità, basata sull'abbondanza di ferro ed altri elementi pesanti, è quasi identico a quello del Sole.

A breve distanza dalla stella orbita un pianeta extrasolare, HD 209458 b, che periodicamente (ogni 3,5 giorni) transita davanti ad essa oscurandone parzialmente la luminosità (circa del 2%); questo rende la stella variabile estrinseca. Per questo motivo una nomenclatura alternativa della stella è V376 Pegasi (V sta per variabile).[2] HD 209458 è il prototipo delle variabili V376 Pegasi, caratterizzate dal fatto di avere pianeti transitanti;[5] in particolare, la stella è classificata come EP, che sta per eclipsing planet, pianeta transitante.[5]

Il sistema planetario

Rappresentazione artistica della stella col suo pianeta.

Il 5 novembre 1999 2 squadre di astronomi, che lavoravano indipendentemente (il primo presso l'osservatorio di Ginevra, all'Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ed al Wise Observatory, il secondo al California and Carnegie Planet Search team), scoprirono, tramite analisi spettroscopiche, la presenza di un pianeta extrasolare in orbita attorno alla stella col metodo della misura della velocità radiale del pianeta. Poco dopo la scoperta, 2 diversi gruppi di ricercatori capitanati da David Charbonneau e Gregory W. Henry furono in grado di individuare un transito del pianeta sulla superficie della stella; questo fu il primo transito di un pianeta extrasolare intorno ad una stella mai osservato dalla Terra. Il pianeta scoperto fu denominato HD 209458 b.[6]

Si tratta di un pianeta gigante gassoso, con una massa pari al 70% di quella di Giove. Data la sua grande vicinanza alla stella, è classificato come pianeta gioviano caldo; inoltre, gli studi e le osservazioni hanno mostrato che il pianeta sta perdendo gran parte della sua atmosfera a causa del vento della stella madre.[7]

Travis Barman del Lowell Observatory ha analizzato le emissioni spettrali dell'atmosfera del pianeta, rintracciandovi delle modeste quantità di vapore acqueo;[8] l'atmosfera del pianeta è comunque composta in prevalenza, stando alle precedenti ricerche,[9] da silicati.

Analisi spettroscopiche del 2020 indicavano la presenza di ossido di sodio o di vanadio, ma non di acqua.[10] Uno studio successivo del 2021 invece non ha trovato alcuna atmosfera planetaria.[11]

Prospetto

Segue un prospetto coi principali dati del pianeta orbitante.

PianetaMassaRaggioDensitàPeriodo orb.Sem. maggioreEccentricitàIncl. orbitaScoperta
b0,69 ± 0,05 MJ1,35 ± 0,05 RJ370 kg m−33,52 giorni0,045 UA0,01486,1 ± 0,1°1999

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i V* V376 Peg -- Variable Star, su simbad.u-strasbg.fr, SIMBAD. URL consultato il 17 maggio 2009.
  2. ^ a b GCVS query result: V376 Peg, su General Catalog of Variable Stars, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Mosca, Russia. URL consultato il 15 maggio 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d C. del Burgo e C. Allende Prieto, Accurate parameters for HD 209458 and its planet from HST spectrophotometry, in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 463, n. 2, 2016, pp. 1400–1408, arXiv:1703.01449.
  4. ^ a b c d Tsevi Mazeh et al., The Spectroscopic Orbit of the Planetary Companion Transiting HD 209458, in The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 532, 2000, pp. L55–L58, DOI:10.1086/312558.
  5. ^ a b GCVS Variability Types (TXT), su sai.msu.su. URL consultato il 1º giugno 2009.
  6. ^ Charbonneau et al., Detection of Planetary Transits Across a Sun-like Star, in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 529, n. 1, 2000, pp. L45–L48, DOI:10.1086/312457.
  7. ^ European astronomers observe first evaporating planet, su spacetelescope.org, telescopio spaziale Hubble, ESA/NASA, 12 marzo 2003. URL consultato il 28 giugno 2008.
  8. ^ Barman, Identification of Absorption Features in an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere, in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 661, n. 2, 2007, pp. L191–L194, DOI:10.1086/518736. (web Preprint Archiviato il 7 agosto 2008 in Internet Archive.)
  9. ^ L. J. Richardson et al., A spectrum of an extrasolar planet, in Nature, vol. 445, 2007, pp. 892–895, DOI:10.1038/nature05636.
  10. ^ N. Santos et al., Broadband transmission spectroscopy of HD 209458b with ESPRESSO: Evidence for Na, TiO, or both, in Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 644, 2020, p. A51, DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/202039454.
  11. ^ N.etal=si Casasayas-Barris, The atmosphere of HD 209458b seen with ESPRESSO (PDF), in Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 647, 2021, p. A26, DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/202039539.

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

  • HD 209458, su media4.obspm.fr, Exoplanets. URL consultato il 17 maggio 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 novembre 2009).
  Portale Stelle: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di stelle e costellazioni

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