Diofisismo

Il diofisismo (dal greco δύο [dyo], "due" e φύσις [physis], "natura") è la dottrina che sostiene la coesistenza in Gesù Cristo delle due nature (o essenze, l'umana e la divina), in base a quanto deciso nel 451 al IV Concilio ecumenico di Calcedonia.[1][2][3] Secondo la teoria diofisita, l'umano e il divino sono uniti senza separazione o confusione, con armonia e assenza di contraddittorietà nell'unicità della Persona (o ipostasi) del Figlio.

Sant'Atanasio di Alessandria, Dottore della Chiesa, affermava al riguardo che Gesù Cristo è vero Dio e vero Uomo.

Il diofisismo afferma anche che nell'unica Persona di Cristo coesistono due volontà, quella umana e quella divina, realmente distinte e non confuse, così come lo sono le due nature. Le due volontà appartengono rispettivamente alla natura umana e a quella divina.[4] Secondo quanto stabilito dal Concilio di Costantinopoli III nel 681, la volontà umana è subordinata a quella divina. Lo stesso concilio e il Concilio in Laterano del 649, con la condanna del monoenergismo e del monotelismo, stabilirono che nell'unica persona di Cristo esistono anche due energie o modi di operare, oltre a due volontà, corrispondenti alla natura umana e a quella divina.

Questa dottrina, il monofisismo e il miafisismo (concetto cristologico che riconosce l'unità dell'essenza del Dio incarnato) non sono tra loro compatibili, e si escludono l'uno con l'altro.[5]

La definizione del Concilio di Calcedonia divenne la base per la dottrina cristologica della duplice natura di Gesù Cristo, sia umana sia divina, sussistenti dopo l'Incarnazione, ed è a oggi accettata dalla larga maggioranza delle Chiese cristiane: Chiesa ortodossa, Chiesa cattolica, Chiese cattoliche orientali, Chiesa anglicana, il Vetero-cattolicesimo, e diverse altre.

Dispute dottrinarie

Dopo il Concilio di Nicea (culminato con la condanna dell'arianesimo che affermava la sola divinità in Dio Padre, ritenendo il Figlio solo una creatura), il dibattito teologico si spostò dalla disputa trinitaria sulla consustanzialità del Figlio con il Padre, alla disputa cristologica sulla natura di Gesù.[6]
Al Concilio di Efeso nel 431 fu giudicato il nestorianesimo. Questa dottrina, propugnata da Nestorio, un teologo di ambiente siriaco divenuto arcivescovo di Costantinopoli, affermava che nell'unica parsopa (persona) di Cristo sono unite due qnome (essenze individuali): l'uomo Gesù di Nazareth e il Logos divino.[7] Di conseguenza Maria non poteva essere definita Theotókos ("Madre di Dio"); tale definizione doveva essere sostituita con quella di Christotókos, "Madre del Cristo". Questa dottrina venne giudicata anch'essa eretica.[6]

Al Concilio di Calcedonia le due tesi a confronto erano:

  • tesi diofisita: riconosceva la compresenza di due nature, umana e divina, in Cristo (nell'unica sua persona: corpo, anima e spirito);
  • tesi monofisita: la natura umana è apparente, la sola natura divina è reale.[8]

Il concilio di Calcedonia condannò come false ed eretiche la tesi monofisita della natura umana apparente e unica natura divina reale nella Persona del Figlio di Dio.

Note

  1. ^ Calcedonia in Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
  2. ^ Storia, Definizione, Dissensi.
  3. ^ Diofisismo, in Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
  4. ^ Summa Theologiae, III, q. 18, a. 1.
  5. ^ (EN) Hans van Loon, The Dyophysite Christology of Cyril of Alexandria, Leiden-Boston, Basil BRILL, 2009.
  6. ^ a b Giovanni Tabacco, Grado G. Merlo, Medioevo V-XV secolo, Il Mulino, Bologna 1989.
  7. ^ Andrew Younan, The Mesopotamian School & Theodore of Mopsuestia (2009), p. 145.
  8. ^ Enrico Artifoni, Storia medievale, in books.google.it. URL consultato il 19 apr 2010.

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