Cristo dolente

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Cristo dolente (disambigua).
Giunta Pisano, Crocifisso (Christus patiens), XII secolo, tempera su tavola, Bologna, basilica di San Domenico

Il Cristo dolente (in latino "Christus patiens", appellato anche come "vir dolorum") è un tema iconografico legato alla Crocifissione. Gesù è rappresentato morto sulla croce e sofferente, con la testa reclinata sulle spalle e gli occhi ridotti a due fessure. Il corpo inerte, piegato dal dolore, si abbandona al suo stesso peso verso un lato della croce, pesando sulle ginocchia piegate. Reca anche ferite nelle mani, nei piedi e nel costato. Si tratta di un tipo di raffigurazione che mirava a suscitare compassione nello spettatore, aumentando in esso il senso religioso e la partecipazione alla sofferenza della Passione. Si contrappone al più antico Cristo trionfante (Christus triumphans).

Si tratta di un tema già noto nella cultura bizantina, giunto nell'Italia del XIII secolo tramite i numerosi contatti con la cultura d'Oriente (con commerci e l'arrivo di opere d'arte e artisti bizantini). Non a caso la prima testimonianza del suo utilizzo su suolo italiano è ad opera di un anonimo maestro bizantino operante in Toscana, che verso il 1210-30 dipinge un Cristo sofferente su una croce lignea (la Croce dipinta n. 20conservata nel Museo Nazionale di San Matteo a Pisa). Nel corso del XIII secolo si sostituisce progressivamente a quello più antico del Cristo trionfante (in latino Christus triumphans) nelle croci dipinte, per opera di artisti come Giunta Pisano e Cimabue. Questa novità iconografica è molto apprezzata dai Francescani e Domenicani, sostenitori del valore di una religiosità emotiva e umanizzata, che ne diventano forti sostenitori tramite varie commissioni artistiche. Sarà quindi l'iconografia dominante nelle produzioni della seconda metà del XIII secolo e praticamente l'unica, tranne pochissime eccezioni, nel XIV secolo.

Nei Vangeli

Un'anticipazione della sofferenza di Gesù è riportata in LC 19,41[1], quando Gesù pianse alla vista di Gerusalemme, sapendo che sarebbe stata l'ultima volta in cui avrebbe visto la Città Santa. Nella Vulgata è scritto flevit super illam (pianse sopra quella, alla vista di quella). Sì tratta del primo passo biblico che descrive un Cristo in lacrime e sofferente.

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

  1. ^ LC 19,41, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

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