Aree di Brodmann

Area di Brodmann
Superficie laterale del cervello con le aree di Brodmann numerate
Superficie mediale del cervello con le aree di Brodmann numerate
SistemaSistema nervoso centrale
Identificatori
FMA68596
Rappresentazione tridimensionale delle Aree di Brodmann.

Un'area di Brodmann si definisce come una regione della corteccia cerebrale definita (oltre che per la sua localizzazione anatomica) in base alla sua citoarchitettura, o organizzazione di cellule cerebrali (neuroni, astrociti e neuroglia) e fibre nervose.

Furono chiamate così a causa alla classificazione operata dal neurologo tedesco Korbinian Brodmann[1], all'inizio del XX secolo.

Storia

Le aree di Brodmann furono originalmente definite dallo studioso tedesco, basandosi sulla citoarchitettonica corticale, ossia l'organizzazione dei neuroni (e delle fibre nervose) che si poteva osservare al microscopio ottico nella corteccia cerebrale usando la colorazione di Nissl.

Nel 1909 Brodmann pubblicò delle mappe comparative delle aree corticali negli umani, scimmie, e di altre specie,[2] assieme ad altre molte scoperte e osservazioni riguardanti i tipi cellulari generali e l'organizzazione laminare della corteccia cerebrale dei mammiferi. Considerando delle specie diverse fra loro, lo stesso numero di area di Brodmann non indica necessariamente aree omologhe.[3]

In seguito sono state pubblicate mappe della corteccia cerebrale più dettagliate e verificabili, ad esempio quella di Constantin von Economo e di Georg N. Koskinas che hanno migliorato enormemente la qualità delle classificazioni citoarchitettoniche.[4]

Importanza attuale

Le aree di Brodmann sono state discusse, dibattute, raffinate, e rinominate in modo esauriente per circa un secolo, e rimangono il sistema di organizzazione della corteccia cerebrale umana più ampiamente noto e citato (oltre ai nomi classici dati dagli anatomisti alle strutture cerebrali nel corso dei secoli).

Molte delle aree che Brodmann definì soltanto in base alla loro organizzazione neuronale sono state sin da allora non confermate e correlate strettamente a diverse funzioni corticali. Per esempio, le aree di Brodmann 1, 2 e 3 non costituiscono la corteccia somato-sensoriale primaria; l'area 4 è la corteccia motoria primaria; l'area 17 è la corteccia visiva primaria; e le aree 41 e 42 corrispondono strettamente alla corteccia uditiva primaria. Alcune funzioni d'ordine superiore della corteccia cerebrale associativa sono state localizzate consistentemente e correlate alle stesse aree di Brodmann da metodi neurofisiologici, di risonanza magnetica funzionale, e altri metodi (ad es., la localizzazione molto convincente dell'area di Broca, connessa alla comprensione della lingua parlata rispetto alle aree di Brodmann 44 e 45 di sinistra). Comunque, l'imaging funzionale può solo localizzare approssimativamente le aree di Brodmann, per stabilire con esattezza le posizioni delle aree nel cervello di un singolo individuo è richiesta conferma tramite esame istologico.

Aree di Brodmann per primati umani e non-umani

(*) L'area 52 si trova soltanto in primati non umani.

Alcune tra le aree originalmente descritte da Brodmann sono state ulteriormente suddivise, ad es., "23a" e "23b".[6]

Critiche

Quando von Bonin e Bailey riuscirono a ricostruire una mappa cerebrale per il macaco, giudicarono inadeguata la descrizione di Brodmann, e scrissero:

In effetti Brodmann (1907), ha preparato una mappa del cervello umano che è stata ampiamente riprodotta, ma, sfortunatamente, i dati sui quali si basa non sono mai stati pubblicati[7]

In effetti si servirono dello schema citoarchitettonico di Constantin von Economo e di Georg N. Koskinas pubblicato nel 1925[4] che secondo loro presentava "l'unica descrizione dettagliata accettabile della corteccia cerebrale umana".

Note

  1. ^ Korbinian Brodmann, in Wikipedia, 14 giugno 2018.
  2. ^ Vergleichende Lokalisationsleh - Titel - Physische Anthropologie (Thomas Hösche Sammlung) - ZB MED - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften, su s2w.hbz-nrw.de. URL consultato il 25 novembre 2015.
  3. ^ (EN) Garey LJ., Brodmann's Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex, New York, Springer, 2006, ISBN 978-0387-26917-7.
  4. ^ a b (DE) Constantin von Economo & Georg N. Koskinas, Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen, Vienna and Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925.
  5. ^ Christina L. Fales, Deanna M. Barch e Melissa M. Rundle, Altered emotional interference processing in affective and cognitive-control brain circuitry in major depression, in Biological psychiatry, vol. 63, n. 4, 15 febbraio 2008, pp. 377-384, DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.012. URL consultato il 25 novembre 2015.
  6. ^ Brent A. Vogt, Deepak N. Pandya, Douglas L. Rosene, Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: I. Cytoarchitecture and thalamic afferents, in The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 262, n. 2, agosto 1987, pp. 256–270, DOI:10.1002/cne.902620207, PMID 3624554.
  7. ^ Gerhardt von Bonin & Percival Bailey, The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta, Urbana, The University of Illinois Press, 1925.

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Read other articles:

Franz Ernst NeumannFranz Ernst Neumann. Lukisan oleh Carl Steffeck (1886)Lahir(1798-09-11)11 September 1798Joachimsthal, Kekaisaran Romawi SuciMeninggal23 Mei 1895(1895-05-23) (umur 96)Königsberg, Kekaisaran JermanTempat tinggalJermanKebangsaanJermanAlmamaterUniversitas BerlinDikenal atasKristalografiFormula NewmannHukum NewmannPrinsip Neumann–Minnigerode-CurieHukum Kopp–Neumann lawPotensial vektor magnetikPenghargaanCopley Medal (1886)ForMemRS (1862)Pour le Mérite for Sciences and...

 

Yuyu Sawah Yuyu sawah, Parathelphusa convexadari Cihideung Hilir, Ciampea, Bogor Status konservasi Data Kurang (IUCN 3.1)[1] Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Subfilum: Crustacea Kelas: Malacostraca Ordo: Decapoda Famili: Gecarcinucidae Genus: Parathelphusa Spesies: P. convexa Nama binomial Parathelphusa convexaDe Man, 1879 Sinonim [3] Telphusa convexus Herklots, 1861 (nomen nudum) Parathelphusa dentipes Heller, 1862 ?Ozius frontalis Targio...

 

Administrative entry restrictions A Bruneian passport Visa requirements for Bruneian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states which are imposed on citizens of Brunei. As of 28 September 2019, Bruneian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 165 countries and territories, ranking the Bruneian passport 21st in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley & Partners Passport Index.[1] Brunei is the only country whose citizens ma...

Julius Joachim (Jochen) Bartsch Geburtsurkunde von Julius Joachim (Jochen) Bartsch Julius Joachim „Jochen“ Bartsch, häufig auch Joachim Bartsch oder J. Joachim Bartsch, (* 13. September 1903 in Straßburg; † 23. November 1965 in München) war ein deutscher Schauspieler, Regisseur, Dramaturg und Autor von Drehbüchern. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Filmografie 3 Literatur 4 Weblinks Leben Der Sohn eines Offiziers studierte nach seinem Abitur im schlesischen Liegnitz zwischen 1922 und 192...

 

في الحسابيات، المضاعف المشترك الأصغر (بالإنجليزية: least common multiple)‏ لعددين صحيحين هو أصغر عدد صحيح موجب مضاعف لكلا هذين العددين، وهذا يعني أنه من الممكن قسمة المضاعف المشترك الأصغر على العددين بدون باقي قسمة.[1][2] نظرة عامة ترميز رياضي في الترميز العربي يرمز للمضاعف ا...

 

Третье правительство Берлускони Описание кабинета Глава Сильвио Берлускони Должность главы Председатель Совета министров Италии Дата формирования 23.04.2005 Дата роспуска 17.05.2006 Общие данные Государство Италия Хронология Предыдущее правительство Второе правительство Бе...

The port of Vibo Marina Vibo Marina is a port town in the province of Vibo Valentia, in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It is a frazione of the town of Vibo Valentia. It has around 10,000 inhabitants. The town lies in the Gulf of Saint Euphemia, on the Tyrrhenian Sea. Pizzo and Bivona are nearby; other important towns near Vibo Marina are Vibo Valentia, Lamezia Terme and Tropea. History In the 3rd century BC, Agathocles the tyrant of Syracuse ordered the construction of a harbour where...

 

Robin GibbRobin di Dubai, Uni Emirat Arab, Maret 2008Informasi latar belakangNama lahirRobin Hugh GibbLahirDouglas, Isle of ManAsalDibesarkan di:Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, InggrisPindah ke:Brisbane, AustraliaMeninggal20 Mei 2012(2012-05-20) (umur 62)London, InggrisGenrePop, rock, diskoPekerjaanPenyanyi-penulis laguInstrumenvokalis, piano, violinTahun aktif1958–2012LabelUniversal, BMG Music PublishingArtis terkaitBee GeesSitus webOfficial website Robin Hugh Gibb, CBE (22 Desember 1...

 

British bank The Halifax redirects here. For other uses, see Halifax (disambiguation). HalifaxThe Halifax BuildingTrade nameHalifaxTypeDivision of Bank of ScotlandIndustryFinance and insuranceFounded1853; 170 years ago (1853)HeadquartersThe Halifax Building Halifax, West Yorkshire, UKArea servedUnited KingdomKey peopleRussell Galley retired May 2023 (Managing Director)ProductsFinancial servicesOwnerLloyds Banking GroupParentBank of Scotland plcWebsitewww.halifax.co.uk Halifa...

This article is about the international football club friendly competition. For the completion solely between Florida-based clubs, see Coastal Cup. For the three-way American football rivalry of the same name, see Florida Cup. Football tournamentFlorida CupFounded2015; 8 years ago (2015)RegionFlorida, United StatesNumber of teams4Current champions Chelsea(1st title)Websitefloridacup.com 2023 Florida Cup The Florida Cup is an annual club association football friendly exhibiti...

 

World ParaVolleyFormation1981 - 1994 (WOVD) - 2014 (World ParaVolley)TypeSports federationHeadquartersLoughborough, EnglandMembership 66 membersOfficial language EnglishPresidentPhil AllenWebsitehttps://www.worldparavolley.org/ World ParaVolley, formerly the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled (WOVD), is an international organization that is for people with physical disabilities. It is affiliated with the International Paralympic Committee(IPC). The World Organization Volleyball for Di...

 

كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي 1912–13 تفاصيل الموسم كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي  النسخة 42  البلد المملكة المتحدة  التاريخ بداية:14 سبتمبر 1912  نهاية:19 أبريل 1913  المنظم الاتحاد الإنجليزي لكرة القدم  البطل أستون فيلا  مباريات ملعوبة 83   عدد المشاركين 64   كأس الاتحاد الإن...

Berikut daftar Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah di 6 kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi Barat adalah: Kabupaten/Kota Foto Bupati/Wali Kota Bupati/Wali Kota Foto Wakil Bupati/Wali Kota Wakil Bupati/Wali Kota Mulai Menjabat Selesai Menjabat(Direncanakan) Ref KabupatenMajeneDaftar Bupati/Wakil Bupati Andi Achmad Syukri Tammalele Arismunandar Kalma 27 Juni 2021 27 Juni 2024 [1] KabupatenMamasaDaftar Bupati/Wakil Bupati Yakub F Solon (Penjabat) 19 September 2023 Menunggu Pemilihan umum Bupati...

 

Japanese orchestra conductor (born 1935) Seiji OzawaOzawa in 1963Born (1935-09-01) September 1, 1935 (age 88)Mukden, Fengtian, Manchukuo (present-day Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China)OccupationConductorRelativesKenji Ozawa (nephew) Seiji Ozawa (小澤 征爾, Ozawa Seiji, born September 1, 1935) is a Japanese conductor known for his advocacy of modern composers and for his work with the San Francisco Symphony, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the Vienna State Opera, and the ...

 

Автомобильная промышленность в Египте существует уже более 50 лет. В Египте ежегодно продаётся 200 000 автомобилей, по этому показателю страна является второй в Африке и 42 в мире. Ежегодно в стране производится 70 000 автомобилей.[1] Содержание 1 История 1.1 1960-е 1.2 Открытая эк...

Census-designated place in Louisiana, United StatesCameron, LouisianaCensus-designated placeCameron, LouisianaLocation of Cameron in LouisianaCoordinates: 29°47′45″N 93°19′15″W / 29.79583°N 93.32083°W / 29.79583; -93.32083CountryUnited StatesStateLouisianaParishCameronArea[1] • Total12.60 sq mi (32.64 km2) • Land11.43 sq mi (29.60 km2) • Water1.17 sq mi (3.04 km2)Elevat...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يناير 2020) السمرية قرية أسماء أخرى As Sumariyah الإحداثيات 24°55′17.04″N 39°37′4.08″E / 24.9214000°N 39.6178000°E / 24.9214000; 39.6178000 تقسيم إداري  دولة  السعودية  منطقة المدينة ...

 

Multilingual book or manuscript For other uses, see polyglot (disambiguation). Genoa psalter of 1516, edited by Agostino Giustiniani, Bishop of Nebbio A polyglot is a book that contains side-by-side versions of the same text in several different languages. Some editions of the Bible or its parts are polyglots, in which the Hebrew and Greek originals are exhibited along with historical translations. Polyglots are useful for studying the history of the text and its interpretation. Origen's Hexa...

Japanese judoka This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (June 2022) Kazuzo Kudo Kazuzo Kudo (1898–1970) is a former Judo instructor and author. Kudo was born in 1898.[1] Kudo reached the 9th dan in 1967.[2] Kudo was the author of 2 Judo books, Judo in Action Throwing Techniques and Judo in Action Grappling Techniques.[3] He was also the author of Dyn...

 

1958 opera by Carlisle Floyd For other uses, see Wuthering Heights (disambiguation). Wuthering HeightsOpera by Carlisle FloydCarlisle Floyd in 2004 with the National Medal of ArtsLibrettistFloydLanguageEnglishBased onWuthering Heightsby Emily BrontëPremiereJuly 16, 1958 (1958-07-16)Santa Fe Opera Wuthering Heights is an opera in a prologue and three acts with music and a libretto by Carlisle Floyd. The work is adapted from Emily Brontë's 1847 novel of the same name. The opera...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!