Analisi semantica

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L'analisi semantica è l'attività di assegnazione di un significato, un senso, alla struttura sintattica corretta e, di conseguenza, all'espressione linguistica. Il processo computazionale automatico che effettua tale assegnazione di significato alle parole di un testo è detto disambiguazione.

I significati, ovvero i sensi, spesso sono rappresentati tramite collezioni di sinonimi o synset. Un synset (acronimo di synonym set) definisce un concetto noto all'uomo mediante l'insieme di sinonimi (lessicalizzazioni) utilizzati per esprimerlo nella lingua di interesse. Un concetto viene tipicamente classificato in una gerarchia di concetti.

Attribuendo ai vari synset i codici univoci, si possono classificare i concetti in una struttura reticolare con le relazioni, detta ontologia, ed arrivare a traduzione automatica che permette di passare da una lessicalizzazione ad un'altra.

Esempi

  • cane (un animale domestico, un animale a quattro zampe, un mammifero, un canide)
  • (DE) Hund
  • (EN) dog

Le relazioni principali usate in un'ontologia (quale, ad esempio, WordNet) per caratterizzare i concetti rappresentati sono IS-A (iperonimia) e PART-OF (meronimia):

  • zampa PART-OF cane
  • cane IS-A mammifero
  • cane IS-A animale domestico

Possono tuttavia essere usati molti altri tipi di relazioni.

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