Ammasso di quasar

Un ammasso di quasar o LQG (acronimo inglese per Large Quasar Group, ossia Grande gruppo di quasar) è un insieme di buchi neri supermassicci che si ritiene siano le più grandi strutture astronomiche dell'universo conosciuto.

Si suppone che gli ammassi di quasar siano i precursori dei filamenti galattici trovati nell'universo circostante.[1]

Il primo ammasso di quasar ad essere stato scoperto è stato il Webster LQG nel 1982, poi nel 1987 il Crampton-Cowley-Hartwick LQG, nel 1991 il Clowes-Campusano LQG (U1.28, CCLQG), nel 2012 lo U1.11 ed infine nel 2013 lo Huge-LQG (U1.27). Attualmente ne sono noti circa una ventina.

Ammassi importanti

L'11 gennaio 2013 fu scoperto il grande ammasso chiamato Huge-LQG (U1.27), l'ammasso di quasar più grande fino ad allora conosciuto,[2] e di conseguenza a quel tempo l'oggetto astronomico più grande in assoluto,[3] scoperto attraverso i dati dello Sloan Digital Sky Survey dall' Università del Lancashire Centrale. Comprende 73 quasar ed ha un'estensione minima di circa 1,4 miliardi di anni luce e massima di oltre 4 miliardi di anni luce.[4] Ammassi di quasar così grandi non erano ritenuti possibili dalle conoscenze dell'epoca. Si pensava che le strutture cosmologiche potessero avere una dimensione massima di 1,2 miliardi di anni luce.[5][6]

Elenco di ammassi di Quasar scoperti

Large Quasar Groups
LQG Data Distanza media Dimension e Numero di quasar Note
Webster LQG
(LQG 1)
1982 z=0.37 100 Mpc 5 Primo ammasso di quasar scoperto. Al momento della scoperta fu la più grande struttura dell'universo conosciuta.[1][2][7]
Crampton–Cowley–Hartwick LQG
(LQG 2, CCH LQG, Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10)
1987 z=1.11 60 Mpc 28 Secondo ammasso di quasar scoperto[1][2][8]
Clowes-Campusano LQG
(U1.28, CCLQG, LQG 3)
1991 z=1.28 630 34 Terzo ammasso di quasar scoperto[2][9]
1995 z=1.9 120 Mpc/h 10 Discovered by Graham, Clowes, Campusano.[1][8][10]
1995 z=0.19 60 Mpc/h 7 Scoperto da Graham, Clowes, Campusano; un gruppo di 7 galassie di Seyfert.[1][8][10]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 1 1996 z=0.6 96} Mpc/h 12 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 2 1996 z=0.6 111 Mpc/h 12 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 3 1996 z=1.3 123 Mpc/h 14 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 4 1996 z=1.9 104 Mpc/h 14 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 5 1996 z=1.7 146 Mpc/h 13 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 6 1996 z=1.5 94 nMpc/h 10 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 7 1996 z=1.9 92 Mpc/h 10 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 8 1996 z=2.1 104 Mpc/h 12 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 9 1996 z=1.9 66 Mpc/h 18 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 11 1996 z=0.7 157 nMpc/h 11 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 12 1996 z=1.2 155 Mpc/h 14 Scoperto da Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][8]
Newman LQG
(U1.54)
1998 z=1.54 150 Mpc/h 21 Scoperto da P.R. Newman et al. Questa struttura è parallela a CCLQG, con la sua scoperta, potrebbe emergere che la struttura cellulare dei filamenti e dei vuoi già esistesse in quest'epoca, come scoperto successivamente le bolle di supervuoti e i filamenti di galassie,[1][9]
Tesch–Engels LQG 2000 z=0.27 140 Mpc/h 7 Il primoThe LQG scoperto ai raggi X.[1]
U1.11 2011 z=1.11 780 Mpc 38 [2][9]
Huge-LQG
(U1.27)
2013 z=1.27 1240 73 La più grande struttura conosciuta dell'universo osservabile[2][11] finché non fu superata dalla Grande muraglia di Ercole scoperta un anno più tardi.[12][13][14]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r R.G.Clowes; Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; ISBN 1-58381-065-X ; Bibcode2001ASPC..232..108C .
  2. ^ a b c d e f Clowes, Roger G.; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Soechting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J.; "A structure in the early universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology"; arΧiv:1211.6256 ; Bibcode2012arXiv1211.6256C  ; DOI10.1093/mnras/sts497 ; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013.
  3. ^ ScienceDaily, Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across, Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013).
  4. ^ Mike Wall, Largest structure in universe discovered, su foxnews.com, Fox News, 11 gennaio 2013.
  5. ^ Mike Wall, Largest Structure In Universe, Large Quasar Group, Challenges Cosmological Principle, su The Huffington Post, 11 gennaio 2013.
  6. ^ Roger Clowes, Kathryn A. Harris, Srinivasan Raghunathan, Luis E. Campusano, Ilona K. Söchting, Matthew J. Graham., S. Raghunathan, L. E. Campusano, I. K. Sochting e M. J. Graham, A structure in the early Universe at z ∼ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology, in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 429, n. 4, 11 gennaio 2013, p. 2910, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.429.2910C, DOI:10.1093/mnras/sts497, arXiv:1211.6256.
  7. ^ Adrian Webster, The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey, in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 199, May 1982, pp. 683-705, Bibcode:1982MNRAS.199..683W, DOI:10.1093/mnras/199.3.683.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravtsov, Vladimir N. Lukash; "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars"; arΧiv:astro-ph/9602090 ; Bibcode1996astro.ph..2090K  ;
  9. ^ a b c Roger Clowes e Luis E. Campusano, Matthew J. Graham and Ilona K. S¨ochting, Two close Large Quasar Groups of size ∼ 350 Mpc at z ∼ 1.2, in Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc, 1º settembre 2001, Bibcode:2012MNRAS.419..556C, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19719.x, arXiv:1108.6221.
  10. ^ a b Graham, M. J.; Clowes, R. G.; Campusano, L. E.; "Finding Quasar Superstructures"; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 275, NO. 3/AUG1, P. 790, 1995 August; Bibcode1995MNRAS.275..790G
  11. ^ ScienceDaily, "Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across", Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013)
  12. ^ Horvath I., Hakkila J. e Bagoly Z., Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two, su adsabs.harvard.edu, 2014.
  13. ^ Horvath I., Hakkila J., and Bagoly Z., J. Hakkila e Z. Bagoly, The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts, vol. 1311, 2013, p. 1104, Bibcode:2013arXiv1311.1104H, arXiv:1311.1104.
  14. ^ Irene Klotz, Universe's Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum, su news.discovery.com, Discovery, 19 novembre 2013. URL consultato il 22 novembre 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 maggio 2016).

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