Abies spectabilis

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Abies spectabilis
Abete dell'Himalaya orientale
Stato di conservazione
Prossimo alla minaccia (nt)[1]
Classificazione scientifica
DominioEukaryota
RegnoPlantae
DivisionePinophyta
ClassePinopsida
OrdinePinales
FamigliaPinaceae
GenereAbies
SpecieA. spectabilis
Nomenclatura binomiale
Abies spectabilis
(D.Don) Mirb.
Sinonimi
Nomi comuni

(EN) Webb fir
(EN) Himalayan fir
(IT) Abete di Webb

Abies spectabilis (D.Don) Mirb., o Abete dell'Himalaya orientale, è un abete nativo dell'Himalaya, presente in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Cina (Xizang), India settentrionale.[1]

Etimologia

Il nome generico Abies, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare dalla parola greca ἄβιος, ovvero "longevo".[2] Il nome specifico spectabilis fa riferimento all'aspetto splendido e superbo di questo albero.[3]

Descrizione

Portamento

È una conifera sempreverde di taglia media o grande che può raggiungere i 60 metri d'altezza, con chioma larga e conica e i rami che si sviluppano orizzontalmente. I virgulti sono di color rosso-marrone, profondamente solcati e pubescenti.[4]

Foglie

Aghi

Le foglie sono aghi lunghi 2-6 cm, color verde scuro lucido superiormente, e con due larghe bande di stomi inferiormente, con punte acute; crescono su parecchie linee nella parte superiore dei virgulti. Le gemme sono larghe, arrotondate e resinose.[4]

Frutti

Sono coni cilindrici, lunghi 14-20 cm e larghi circa 7 cm , purpurei da giovani, marroni da maturi; le scaglie, che celano le brattee, sono larghe 1,5-2 cm.[4]

Corteccia

La corteccia del fusto è ruvida e scagliforme, di color grigio-scuro.[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è dominante nelle foreste dell'Himalaya centrale e occidentale, a quote comprese tra i 3000 e i 4000 metri, anche se occasionalmente si ritrova sui pendii fino a 2450 metri. Necessitando di condizioni fresche e umide, vegeta più facilmente nei pendii rivolti a settentrione, lasciando campo libero ad arbusti e specie erbose nei pendii rivolti a sud.[1]

Tassonomia

Sinonimi

Numerosi sono i sinonimi:[5]

  • Abies brevifolia (A.Henry) Dallim.
  • Abies chilrowensis Pall.
  • Abies spectabilis subsp. langtangensis(Silba) Silba
  • Abies spectabilis var. langtangensis Silba
  • Abies webbiana (Wall. ex D.Don) Lindl.
  • Picea naphta Knight
  • Picea webbiana (Wall. ex D.Don) Loudon
  • Pinus spectabilis D.Don
  • Pinus striata Buch.-Ham. ex Gordon & Glend.
  • Pinus tinctoria Wall. ex D.Don

Usi

Il legno viene utilizzato in edilizia, in particolare per la costruzione di parti interne delle case, analogamente a quello di Abies pindrow; tuttavia le quote molto elevate del suo habitat rendono l'abete dell'Himalaya orientale economicamente meno importante; un altro utilizzo particolare del suo legno è nella fabbricazione di scatole da tè. Con le pigne purpuree viene realizzata una tintura.[3]

Conservazione

Nonostante l'areale molto esteso, Abies spectabilis è stato sottoposto ad un utilizzo eccessivo soprattutto alle quote meno elevate, con una diminuzione stimata della popolazione del 25%: viene classificata pertanto come Near Threatened, categoria prossima a quelle delle specie a rischio nella Lista rossa IUCN.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d (EN) Zhang, D., Rushforth, K. & Katsuki, T. 2011., Abies spectabilis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Pier Luigi Nimis, Nevio Agostini, Marco Verdecchia e Elias Ceccarelli, Guida agli alberi del Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi (PDF), su Dryades project Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Trieste, Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi. URL consultato il 7 aprile 2019.
  3. ^ a b Aljos Farjon, A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 vols.), Brill, 2010, pp. 120-121.
  4. ^ a b c d (EN) Abies religiosa, su The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 7 aprile 2019.
  5. ^ (EN) Abies spectabilis (D.Don) Mirb., in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 29/4/2020.

Voci correlate

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