7,62 × 51 mm NATO

7,62 × 51 mm NATO, .308 Winchester
Tre cartucce da 7,62 × 51 mm comparate con un metro ed una batteria AA.
Descrizione
Tipoper fucili da battaglia, mitragliatrici, fucili di precisione
OrigineStati Uniti (bandiera) Stati Uniti
In servizio dal1954
Impiegata daPaesi costituenti la NATO
ConflittiGuerra del Vietnam
Guerra del Golfo
Guerra in Afghanistan
Guerra in Iraq
Storia
Data progettazioneanni quaranta
Periodo produzionedagli anni cinquanta ad oggi
Variantivariante civile (.308 Winchester)
Specifiche tecniche
Derivata da.30-06
Tipo proiettileRimless, Bottleneck
Diametro proiettile7,82 mm (0.308 in)
Diametro collo8,77 mm (0.345 in)
Diametro spalla11,53 mm (0.454 in)
Diametro base11,94 mm (0.470 in)
Diametro fondello12,01 mm (0.473 in)
Spessore fondello1,27 mm (0.050 in)
Lunghezza bossolo51,18 mm (2.015 in)
Lunghezza cartuccia69,85 mm (2.750 in)
Pressione massima415 MPa (60.000 psi)
Prestazioni balistiche
proiettile peso/tipo velocità energia
6,48 g Speer 487 m/s 770 J
6,48 g Lapua 711 m/s 1639 J
3,69 g Lapua 1061 m/s 2079 J
lunghezza della canna di prova: 61 cm
ammoguide.com. e world.guns.ru.
voci di munizioni presenti su Wikipedia

La 7,62 × 51 mm NATO è una munizione per fucile da battaglia e d'assalto sviluppata dai Paesi NATO.

Rappresenta la versione militare della .308 Winchester, con la quale tuttavia non condivide tutte le caratteristiche.[1][2]

Storia

Lo sviluppo venne iniziato allo scopo di ideare una munizione intermedia simile al 7,92 × 33 mm utilizzata dall'StG 44; esperienza similmente seguita in Unione Sovietica con lo sviluppo del 7,62 × 39 mm.

Venne ideata tra gli anni quaranta e cinquanta con lo scopo di uniformare le munizioni di armi leggere all'interno dei Paesi facenti parte la NATO (è questo il motivo per il quale si associa la dicitura "NATO").

Caratteristiche

La .308 Winchester è la versione accorciata, di circa dodici millimetri, e lievemente modificata, nella parte apicale del bossolo, della più anziana .30-06. Il che significa in termini balistici una leggera perdita di gittata, di circa il 15%, ma un tiro più teso e dritto.

Questa modifica si rese necessaria nel dopoguerra per l'impiego in armi militari automatiche, nelle quali inoltre tanto minore è la corsa dell'otturatore in fase di espulsione del bossolo e di riarmo, tanto più veloce e scevra da inceppamenti risulta la cadenza di fuoco. Il .30-06 infatti, ampiamente usato dagli Americani durante la seconda guerra mondiale nel famoso fucile M1 Garand, e risultato comunque fin dall'inizio "sovradimensionato" anche per il tiro singolo di impiego bellico, si dimostrò assolutamente impossibile da gestire su armi in grado di sparare a raffica, anche in termini di controllabilità dell'arma stessa.

Utilizzo

La 7,62 × 51, sotto forma di .308 Winchester (sua gemella civile, la cui differenza è solo nei volumi interni, nello spessore della cartuccia e nella tipologia di primer, di tipo Berdan nella maggior parte delle cartucce NATO prodotte in Europa, di tipo Boxer in quelle americane; tutte le altre dimensioni sono identiche (incluso l'angolo del colletto) si è anche rivelata particolarmente adatta per essere camerata in carabine semiautomatiche, dedicate alle battute al cinghiale o ad altri ungulati, grazie alla stupefacente precisione intrinseca; essa trova oggi una giusta collocazione pure in fucili ad otturatore girevole scorrevole o a colpo singolo, con i quali fornisce rosate abbondantemente al di sotto di un MOA (Minute Of Arc), misura dell'ampiezza di rosata pari a 1 pollice (25,4 mm), ottenuta da una distanza di 100 yarde (91,7 metri).

Una scatola di cartucce 7,62 mm M118, costruite con un grado di accuratezza maggiore per assicurare precisione ai tiratori.

Note

  1. ^ SAAMI, Combinazioni pericolose tra armi e munizioni (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 marzo 2009).
  2. ^ SAAMI, Combinazioni pericolose tra armi e munizioni, su saami.org. URL consultato il 13 gennaio 2020 (archiviato dall'url originale il 13 maggio 2020).

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