Talíbanar

Talíbanar
طالبان (ṭālibān)
Fáni Talíbana með áletraðri trúarjátningu múslima.
StofnunÍ september 1994; fyrir 30 árum (1994-09)
HöfuðstöðvarKandahar, Afganistan (1994–2001)
StaðsetningAfganistan og Pakistan
Meðlimir75.000 (viðmið 2021)[1]
LeiðtogiMúhameð Ómar (1994–2013)
Akhtar Mansúr (2015–2016)
Hibatullah Akhundzada (2016–)
HugmyndafræðiJihadismi, íslömsk bókstafstrú, þjóðernishyggja

Talíbanar (pastúnska: طالبان - ṭālibān, stendur fyrir „nemendur íslamskrar þekkingar“) eru súnní íslömsk hryðjuverkasamtök og pastúnsk þjóðernishreyfing sem hefur ríkt yfir stærstum hluta Afganistans frá ágúst 2021. Hreyfingin var áður við völd í Afganistan frá 1996 til 2001.

Söguágrip

Hreyfingin óx upp í ættbálkahéruðum Pakistans við landamæri Pakistans og Afganistans og varð til sem einn hópur af mörgum í vopnaðri baráttu við her Sovíetríkjanna í Afganistan árin 1979-1989. Talibanar nutu í upphafi stuðnings Bandaríkjanna með vopnum og fjármagni.

Talið er að hreyfingin hafi sprottið upp úr íslömskum trúboðsskólum sem styrktir voru fjárhagslega frá Sádi-Arabíu.

Við brotthvarf hers Sovétríkjanna frá Afganistan árið 1989 tóku við innbyrðis skærur milli ýmissa stríðsherra og trúarlegra fylkinga múslima. Þeim átökum lauk með valdatöku talibana yfir mestum hluta Afganistan árið 1996.

Talibanar undir stjórn Múlla Múhameðs Ómars komu á sjaríalöggjöf í landinu með opinberum aftökum og líkamlegum refsingum, bönnuðu vestræn áhrif og tækjabúnað og bönnuðu menntun og heilbrigðisþjónustu fyrir stúlkur og konur.

Aðrir íslamskir hryðjuverkahópar, eins og Al-Kaída, nutu verndar talibana og starfræktu þjálfunarbúðir í Afganistan á valdatíma þeirra. Stjórn talibana í Afganistan var felld í innrás Bandaríkjahers í landið eftir hryðjuverkaárásir Al-Kaída á Bandaríkin árið 2001. Bandaríkjaher naut stuðnings afganskra stríðsherra frá Norður-Afganistan í stríðinu gegn talibönum.

Frá því að innrásarliðið hrakti Talíbana frá völdum áttu þeir í skæruhernaði við ríkisstjórn Afganistans, herlið NATO sem stendur í Enduring Freedom-aðgerðinni, og Alþjóðlega friðargæsluliðið í Afganistan. Á áratugunum síðan náðu þeir aftur völdum í stórum hlutum Afganistans. Eftir að Bandaríkjamenn hófu að draga herafla sinn burt frá Afganistan árið 2021 hófu Talíbanar leiftursókn um landið og hertóku fjölda héraðshöfuðborga á stuttum tíma.[2] Þann 15. ágúst hertóku Talíbanar höfuðborgina Kabúl og sneru aftur til valda í landinu eftir tuttugu ára skæruhernað.[3]

Heimild

  • BBC: Who are the Talibans?
  • Erlingur Erlingsson (15. febrúar 2012). „Hvað vitið þið um talíbana, hverjir eru þeir og fyrir hvað standa þeir?“. Vísindavefurinn. Sótt 21. febrúar 2024.

Tilvísanir

  1. „Remarks by President Biden on the Drawdown of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan“. Hvíta húsið. 8. júlí 2021. Afrit af uppruna á 8. júlí 2021. Sótt 17. ágúst 2021.
  2. Samúel Karl Ólason (12. ágúst 2021). „Valta yfir stjórnarherinn: Ríkisstjórnin býðst til að deila völdum með Talibönum“. Vísir. Sótt 13. ágúst 2021.
  3. „Yfirvöld í Kabúl gefast upp“. mbl.is. 15. ágúst 2021. Sótt 15. ágúst 2021.
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