Niðursöllun í fáránleika

Niðursöllun í fáránleika (á latínu reductio ad absurdum eða reductio ad impossibile) eða óbein sönnun er gerð röksemdafærslu þar sem gengið er út frá staðhæfingu röksemdafærslunnar vegna og sýnt fram á að hún leiði til fráleitrar niðurstöðu eða mótsagnar; þá er staðhæfingunni hafnað og ályktað að gagnstæð staðhæfing sé sönn.

Niðursöllun í fáránleika byggir á mótsagnarlögmálinu — það er að segja þeirri forsendu að það sé ómögulegt að staðhæfing og neitun hennar séu samtímis sannar — og lögmálinu um annað tveggja — það er að segja þeirri forsendu að annaðhvort staðhæfing eða neitun hennar hljóti að vera sönn.

Heitið á röksemdafærslunni er komið úr grísku: ἡ εἰς ἄτοπον ἀπαγωγή (hē eis átopon apagōgḗ), sem merkir orðrétt „leiðsla til staðleysu“. Það kemur oft fyrir í ritum Aristótelesar.

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