Trimetilamina N-oksida

Trimethylamine N-oxide
Structural formula
Ball-and-stick model
Nama
Nama IUPAC
trimethylamine oxide
Nama IUPAC (preferensi)
N,N-dimethylmethanamine oxide
Nama lain
trimethylamine oxide, TMAO, TMANO
Penanda
Model 3D (JSmol)
3DMet {{{3DMet}}}
ChEBI
ChemSpider
Nomor EC
KEGG
Nomor RTECS {{{value}}}
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C3H9NO/c1-4(2,3)5/h1-3H3 YaY
    Key: UYPYRKYUKCHHIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N YaY
  • InChI=1/C3H9NO/c1-4(2,3)5/h1-3H3
    Key: UYPYRKYUKCHHIB-UHFFFAOYAU
  • C[N+](C)(C)[O-]
Sifat
C3H9NO
Massa molar 75,11
Penampilan padatan tak berwarna
Titik lebur 220 hingga[convert: unit tak dikenal] (hidrat: 96 °C)
baik
Kecuali dinyatakan lain, data di atas berlaku pada suhu dan tekanan standar (25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YaY verifikasi (apa ini YaYN ?)
Referensi

Trimetilamina N-oksida (TMAO) adalah senyawa organik dalam golongan amina oksida dengan rumus (CH3)3NO. Padatan tak berwarna ini biasanya dijumpai sebagai dihidrat. Ini adalah produk oksidasi trimetilamina, metabolit yang umum pada hewan. Trimetilamina N-oksida' merupakan suatu osmolit yang ditemukan pada ikan air asin, hiu, pari, moluska, dan krustasea. Ia merupakan penstabil protein yang dapat berfungsi untuk menetralkan urea, osmolit utama hiu, skate, dan pari. Kandungannya juga lebih tinggi pada ikan laut dalam dan krustasea, di mana ia dapat melawan efek tekanan destabilisasi protein.[1] TMAO terurai menjadi trimetilamina (TMA), yang merupakan odoran utama yang menjadi karateristik makanan laut yang membusuk.

Sintesis

TMAO dapat disintesis dari trimetilamina melalui perlakuan dengan hidrogen peroksida:[2]

H2O2 + (CH3)3N → H2O + (CH3)3NO

TMAO dibiosintesikan dari trimetilamina, yang berasal dari kolin.[3]

Trimethilaminuria

Trimethilaminuria adalah cacat langka dalam produksi enzim flavin mengandung monooksigenase 3 (FMO3).[4][5] Mereka yang mengalami trimethilaminuria tidak dapat mengubah trimetilamina turunan kolin menjadi trimetilamina oksida. Trimethilamina kemudian terakumulasi dan dilepaskan dalam keringat, urin, dan napas seseorang, mengeluarkan bau amis kuat.

Aplikasi laboratorium

Trimethilamina oksida digunakan dalam percobaan perlipatan protein untuk menetralkan efek yang berkembang dari urea.[6]

Dalam reaksi kimia organometalik dari abstraksi nukleofilik, Me3NO digunakan sebagai agen dekarbonilasi menurut stoikiometri berikut ini:

M(CO)n + Me3NO + L → M(CO)n-1L + Me3N + CO2

Reaksi ini digunakan untuk dekompleks ligan organik dari logam, seperti dari (diena)Fe(CO)3.[2]

Hal ini digunakan dalam reaksi oksidasi tertentu, seperti konversi alkil iodida menjadi aldehida yang sesuai.[7]

Hubungan mikrobiotik

Ordo Clostridiales, genus Ruminococcus, dan takson Lachnospiraceae berhubungan positif dengan tingkat TMA dan TMAO.[8] Sebaliknya, proporsi S24-7, famili yang melimpah dari Bacteroidetes, berbanding terbalik dengan tingkat TMA dan TMAO.[8]

Referensi

  1. ^ Yancey, P. (2005). "Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic, and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses". J. Exp. Biol. 208 (15): 2819–2830. doi:10.1242/jeb.01730. PMID 16043587. 
  2. ^ a b A. J. Pearson "Trimethylamine N-Oxide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 2001: New York. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rt268
  3. ^ Baker, J.R.; Chaykin, S. (1 April 1962). "The biosynthesis of trimethylamine-N-oxide". J. Biol. Chem. 237 (4): 1309–13. PMID 13864146. 
  4. ^ Treacy, E.P.; Akerman, BR; et al. (1998). "Mutations of the flavin-containing monooxygenase gene (FMO3) cause trimethylaminuria, a defect in detoxication". Human Molecular Genetics. 7 (5): 839–45. doi:10.1093/hmg/7.5.839. PMID 9536088. 
  5. ^ Zschocke J, Kohlmueller D, Quak E, Meissner T, Hoffmann GF, Mayatepek E (1999). "Mild trimethylaminuria caused by common variants in FMO3 gene". Lancet. 354 (9181): 834–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)80019-1. PMID 10485731. 
  6. ^ Zou, Q.; et al. (2002). "The Molecular Mechanism of Stabilization of Proteins by TMAO and Its Ability to Counteract the Effects of Urea". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (7): 1192–1202. doi:10.1021/ja004206b. PMID 11841287. 
  7. ^ Volker Franzen (1973). "Octanal". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 5: 872. 
  8. ^ a b Wang, Zeneng; Roberts, Adam B.; Buffa, Jennifer A.; Levison, Bruce S.; Zhu, Weifei; Org, Elin; Gu, Xiaodong; Huang, Ying; Zamanian-Daryoush, Maryam; Culley, Miranda K.; DiDonato, Anthony J.; Fu, Xiaoming; Hazen, Jennie E.; Krajcik, Daniel; DiDonato, Joseph A.; Lusis, Aldons J.; Hazen, Stanley L. (December 2015). "Non-lethal Inhibition of Gut Microbial Trimethylamine Production for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis". Cell. 163 (7): 1585–1595. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.055. PMC 4871610alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 26687352.
    • A structural analog of choline, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), is shown to non-lethally inhibit TMA formation from cultured microbes, to inhibit distinct microbial TMA lyases, and to both inhibit TMA production from physiologic polymicrobial cultures (e.g., intestinal contents, human feces) and reduce TMAO levels in mice fed a high-choline or L-carnitine diet.
    • DMB was detected in some balsamic vinegars, in red wines, and in some cold-pressed extra virgin olive oils and grape seed oils
     

Read other articles:

Paris-Austerlitz StationsinformationOrtParisÖppnade18401969 (nedre plan)ArkitektPierre-Louis Renaud[1]TrafiktypPassagerartrafikKapacitetAntal spår25Spår under jord4FörbindelserÖvriga trafikslag Anslutande linjer Föregående station: St-Michel - Notre-DameEfterföljande station: Bibliothèque François MitterrandLägeKoordinater48°50′32″N 2°21′57″Ö / 48.84222°N 2.36583°Ö / 48.84222; 2.36583 Gare d'Austerlitz StationsinformationStadParis, Frankrike In...

 

Demi Lovato: Simply ComplicatedPoster resmiSutradara Hannah Lux Davis Produser Sean Cooley Jamee Ranta Ditulis olehPemeranDemi LovatoPenata musik Demitri Lerios Michael Lerios SinematograferCarlos VeronPenyuntingGrant MacDowellPerusahaanproduksiPhilymack ProductionsDistributorYouTubeTanggal rilis 17 Oktober 2017 (2017-10-17) Durasi 78 Menit 88 Menit (director's cut) Negara Amerika Serikat Bahasa Inggris Beberapa tahun terakhir ini telah menjadi tahun-tahun paling transformatif dala...

 

British comedian, actor and writer (born 1943) Eric IdleIdle in 2012Born (1943-03-29) 29 March 1943 (age 80)South Shields, EnglandAlma materPembroke College, CambridgeOccupationsActorcomedianmusicianwriterYears active1967–presentNotable workMonty PythonThe RutlesSpamalotThe SimpsonsSpouses Lyn Ashley ​ ​(m. 1969; div. 1975)​ Tania Kosevich ​(m. 1981)​[1] Children2Websiteericidle.com Eric Idle...

سفارة النرويج في كوريا الجنوبية النرويج كوريا الجنوبية الإحداثيات 37°34′03″N 126°58′16″E / 37.5675°N 126.971°E / 37.5675; 126.971  البلد كوريا الجنوبية  المكان سول الموقع الالكتروني الموقع الرسمي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   سفارة النرويج في كوريا الجنوبية هي أرفع تمثيل دبلوماسي&...

 

Président de larépublique de Chypre(el) Πρόεδρος τηςΚυπριακής Δημοκρατίας[N 1](tr) Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti cumhurbaşkanı Armoiries de Chypre. Étendard présidentiel de Chypre. Titulaire actuelNíkos Christodoulídisdepuis le 28 février 2023(9 mois et 3 jours) Création 16 août 1960 Mandant Suffrage universel direct Durée du mandat 5 ans, renouvelable une fois consécutivement Premier titulaire Makários III Résidence officielle Palais présidenti...

 

Kehidupan Baru Sampul edisi IndonesiaPengarangOrhan PamukJudul asliYeni HayatPenerjemahGüneli GünNegaraTurkiBahasaTurkishPenerbitİletişim Yayınları,Farrar, Straus and GirouxTanggal terbit1994Tgl. terbit (bhs. Inggris)1997Halaman296ISBNISBN 978-0-374-22129-4OCLC35657984Desimal Dewey894/.3533 20LCCPL248.P34 Y4613 1997Didahului olehThe Black Book Diikuti olehNamaku Merah Kirmizi  Kehidupan Baru (Turkish: Yeni Hayat) adalah sebuah novel kary...

1904 World's Fair in St. Louis 1904 St. LouisPoster for the Exposition painted by Alphonse MuchaOverviewBIE-classUniversal expositionCategoryHistorical ExpoNameLouisiana Purchase ExpositionArea1,270 acres (510 hectares)Visitors19,694,855Participant(s)Countries62LocationCountryUnited StatesCitySt. LouisVenueForest Park, Washington University in St. LouisCoordinates38°38′18.6″N 90°17′9.2″W / 38.638500°N 90.285889°W / 38.638500; -90.285889TimelineOpeningApril&...

 

العلاقات الأمريكية الزامبية الولايات المتحدة زامبيا   الولايات المتحدة   زامبيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الأمريكية الزامبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الولايات المتحدة وزامبيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة وم...

 

British historian, politician, and journalist The HonourableTristram HuntFRHistSHunt in 2015Shadow Secretary of State for EducationIn office7 October 2013 – 12 September 2015LeaderEd MilibandHarriet Harman (acting)Preceded byStephen TwiggSucceeded byLucy PowellShadow Minister for Further EducationIn office17 April 2013 – 6 October 2013LeaderEd MilibandPreceded byKaren BuckSucceeded byRushanara AliMember of Parliamentfor Stoke-on-Trent CentralIn office6 May 2010 –&...

Damallsvenskan 2013Campeonato Sueco de Futebol Feminino 2013 Dados Participantes 12 Organização Federação Sueca de Futebol Período abril de 2013 – outubro de 2013 ◄◄ Damallsvenskan 2012 Damallsvenskan 2014 ►► Umeå IK Damallsvenskan 2013 foi a principal divisão do Campeonato Sueco de Futebol Feminino em 2013 [1] [2]. Foi a 26ª edição deste torneio de futebol, iniciado em 1988[3]. 12 clubes disputaram esta competição, entre abril e outubro de 2013. Os novos participantes d...

 

2008 film by Pablo Larraín Tony ManeroCannes film posterDirected byPablo LarraínWritten by Alfredo Castro Mateo Iribarren Pablo Larraín CinematographySergio ArmstrongEdited byAndrea ChignoliMusic byJuan Cristóbal MezaProductioncompaniesFábula ProdigitalRelease dates 17 May 2008 (2008-05-17) (Cannes) 28 August 2008 (2008-08-28) (Chile) Running time97 minutesCountryChileLanguageSpanish Tony Manero is a 2008 Chilean drama film directed by Pablo Larraín...

 

Skilled worker who has successfully completed an official apprenticeship For other uses, see Journeyman (disambiguation). A journeyman is a worker, skilled in a given building trade or craft, who has successfully completed an official apprenticeship qualification. Journeymen are considered competent and authorized to work in that field as a fully qualified employee. They earn their license by education, supervised experience and examination.[1] Although journeymen have completed a tra...

German footballer You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (January 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into ...

 

ضريح الملك ماسينيسا ضريح الملك ماسينيسا في مدينة الخروب تقديم البلد  الجزائر مدينة الخروب، ولاية قسنطينة إحداثيات 36°16′20″N 6°43′31″E / 36.2721°N 6.7252°E / 36.2721; 6.7252  نوع موقع أثري المهندس المعماري نوميديا الموقع الجغرافي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   ضريح ماسينيسا[1]...

 

 Nota: Omíada redireciona para este artigo. Para os omíadas da Península Ibérica, veja Emirado de Córdova ou Califado de Córdova. Califado Omíada ← ← 661 — 750  → → Projeção do tamanho do Califado Omíada em 750 Capital Damasco Países atuais Afeganistão Arábia Saudita Argélia Armênia Azerbaijão Barém Cuaite Espanha Egito Emirados Árabes Unidos Iêmem Irã Iraque Israel Itália Jordânia Líbano Líbia Marrocos Omã Palestina Paquistão Portugal Qui...

Dutch multinational variety store chain For other uses, see Action (disambiguation). ActionIndustryRetailFoundedJuly 1993 (1993-07) in Enkhuizen, NetherlandsHeadquartersZwaagdijk-Oost, NetherlandsNumber of locations2,501 stores worldwide[1] (2023)Areas servedNetherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic, Italy, Spain, SlovakiaKey peopleAdrian BellamyRevenue€8.9 billion (2022)Number of employees~80,000 (2023)Websiteaction....

 

Earldom in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Earldom of Verulam Blazon Arms: Quarterly: 1st & 4th, Argent, on a Fess Sable, three Rowels of six-points Or, pierced Gules, in the dexter chief point an Ermine Spot (Grimston); 2nd, Sable, a Fess dancettée, between two Leopard’s Faces Or (Luckyn); 3rd, Argent, three Bugle Horns Sable, stringed Gules (Forrester) Crest: A Stag’s Head erased proper, attired Or. Supporters: Dexter: A stag reguardant proper, attired Or; Sinister: A Griffin reg...

 

Codex Sinaiticus, Luca 11,2 I manoscritti del Nuovo Testamento in greco si dividono in quattro gruppi: papiri, onciali, minuscoli e lezionari: i manoscritti onciali sono vergati in caratteri maiuscoli. Vengono datati a partire dal IV fino al X secolo. Per brevità, sono indicati con numeri arabi preceduti da 0 (in origine era una O maiuscola, per onciale), come 01, 02, 03, 04... I primi manoscritti della serie sono designati tradizionalmente con le lettere maiuscole dell'alfabeto latino o gre...

Virginio De Paoli De Paoli al Brescia nel 1965 Nazionalità  Italia Altezza 173 cm Peso 72 kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex attaccante) Termine carriera 1972 - giocatore1977 - allenatore Carriera Giovanili 19??-1957 Milan Squadre di club1 1957-1958→  Novese22 (9)1958-1959→  Varese33 (10)1959-1960 Pisa36 (16)1960-1961 Venezia29 (9)1961-1966 Brescia167 (69)1966-1968 Juventus63 (22)1968-1972 Brescia93 (33) Nazionale 1964 Italia U-211 (0)1966 Italia3...

 

1976 single by The Angels Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face AgainSingle by the Angelsfrom the album The Angels B-sideRound We GoReleased1 March 1976 (1976-03-01)[1]GenrePub rock[2]Length3:12 (single version)4:03 (album version)[1]LabelAlbert, MushroomSongwriter(s) John Brewster Rick Brewster Doc Neeson Producer(s) Harry Vanda George Young The Angels singles chronology Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again (1976) You're a Lady Now (1977) ISWC T-901.067.910-4 ...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!