Gerakan Pakistan

Minar e Pakistan dimana undang-undang Resolusi Lahore disahkan.

Gerakan Pakistan atau Tehrik-e-Pakistan (bahasa Urdu: تحریک پاکستان – [Taḥrīk-i Pākistān] Error: {{Transl}}: unrecognized language / script code: urdu (help)) adalah sebuah gerakan politik keagamaan pada 1940an yang bertujuan untuk mensuksesikan pembentukan Pakistan dari kawasan mayoritas Muslim di Kemaharajaan Britania.

Gerakan tersebut terjadi di India bersamaan dengan gerakan kemerdekaan India, namun Gerakan Pakistan bertujuan untuk mendirikan sebuah negara baru yang melindungi identitas agama dan kepentingan politik Muslim di Asia Selatan.[1] Gerakan politik pertama diselenggarakan di Aligarh dimana gerakan melek huruf yang dipimpin oleh Sir Syed Ahmad Khan menanamkan benih-benih gerakan Pakistan.[2] Konvensi pendidikan diadakan pada 1906 dengan upaya bersama Syed Ahmad Khan dan Vikar-ul-Haq, para reformator Muslim yang menempatkan gerakan tersebut pada ranah politik dalam bentuk mendirikan arus utama dan kemudian mendirikan Liga Muslim Seluruh India (LMSI), dengan para pemimpin moderat menonjol yang berupaya untuk melindungi hak-hak dasar Muslim di British Raj.[3] Pada masa-masa awal gerakan tersebut, tujuan filsuf Iqbal disampaikan di konvensi sesi tahunan LMSI.[4][5] Perjuangan konstitusional Muhammad Ali Jinnah makin membantu gerakan tersebut meraih dukungan masyarakat di empat provinsi.[6] Para penyair Urdu seperti Iqbal dan Faiz menggunakan sastra, puisi dan pidato sebagai alat untuk kesadaran politik.[7][8][9] Para feminis seperti Sheila Pant dan Fatima Jinnah memperjuangkan emansipasi wanita Pakistan dan keikutsertaan mereka dalam politik nasional .[10]

Gerakan Pakistan dipimpin oleh kelompok yang beragam dan besar yang perjuangannya berujung pada Undang-Undang Kemerdekaan India 1947 yang menyatakan pembentukan dominion India dan Pakistan.[11][12] Gerakan Pakistan adalah hasil dari serangkaian perubahan sosial, politik, dan intelektual dalam cara berpikir, pemerintahan dan masyarakat Pakistan.[13] Segala upaya dan perjuangan Bapak-Bapak Pendiri terwujud dalam pembentukan pemerintahan independen dan demokratis.[14] Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, pembentukan pemikiran nasional lainnya mendirikan pemerintahan yang kuat, yang disusul oleh intervensi militer pada 1958.[15] Distribusi ekonomi yang tak merata menyebabkan kebangkitan yang membuat Pakistan Timur mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan sebagai Republik Rakyat Bangladesh pada 1971.[16] Setelah tekanan kuat yang terjadi pada 10973, Konstitusi baru mendirikan sebauh pemerintahan, lembaga, pengadilan nasional dan legislatur yang relatif kuat yang mewakili negara baik dalam Senat maupun masyarakat dalam Majelis Nasional.[17][18] Peralihan fase Pakistan menuju republikanisme, dan peningkatan bertahap demokrasi, menyebabkan sebuah kebangkitan hierarki sosial tradisional dan melahirkan etika yang membentuk inti nilai-nilai politik di Pakistan.[19]

Referensi

  1. ^ Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples – Paul R. Magocsi, Multicultural History Society of Ontario. Diakses tanggal 31 January 2012. 
  2. ^ Burki, Shahid Javed (1999). Pakistan : fifty years of nationhood (edisi ke-3rd). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3621-X. 
  3. ^ "Establishment of All India Muslim League". AIML in India. 1 June 2003. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-08-27. Diakses tanggal 7 February 2014. 
  4. ^ et al. administrators. "Allahabad Address". Allahabad Address. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-07-11. Diakses tanggal 7 February 2014. 
  5. ^ Two-Nation Theory. "Two-Nation Theory". Two-Nation Theory. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-06-27. Diakses tanggal 7 February 2014. 
  6. ^ "Fourteenth Points of Jinnah". Fourteenth Points of Jinnah. 2 June 2003. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-10. Diakses tanggal 7 February 2014. 
  7. ^ Ali, Faiz Ahmed Faiz ; translated with a new introduction by Agha Shahid (1995). The rebel's silhouette : selected poems (edisi ke-Rev.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-975-9. 
  8. ^ Husein Khimjee (2013). Pakistan: A Legacy of the Indian Khilafat Movement. iUniverse. ISBN 1-4917-0208-7. 
  9. ^ Kurzman, edited by Charles (2002). Modernist Islam, 1840–1940 a sourcebook (edisi ke-[Online-Ausg.].). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515468-1. 
  10. ^ Akbar, Ahmad (2012). Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-75022-6. 
  11. ^ Dani, edited by Ahmad Hasan (1998). Founding fathers of Pakistan. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 969-350830-0. 
  12. ^ JasjitSingh, ed. by (1990). India and Pakistan : crisis of relationship. New Delhi: Lancer Publ. ISBN 81-7062-118-6. 
  13. ^ Lieven, Anatol (2011). Pakistan: A Hard Country (edisi ke-1st). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-61039-023-7. 
  14. ^ Hasnat, Syed Farooq (2011). Pakistan. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. ISBN 0-313-34697-6. 
  15. ^ Aziz, Mazhar (2008). Military Control in Pakistan: The parallel State. Pakistan: Routledge, Aziz. ISBN 1-134-07410-7. 
  16. ^ "Separation of East Pakistan". Story of Pakistan documents. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-04-04. Diakses tanggal 7 February 2014. 
  17. ^ "Constitution of Pakistan". Constitution of Pakistan. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-02. Diakses tanggal 7 February 2014. 
  18. ^ Chitkara, M.G. (1996). Nuclear Pakistan. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp. ISBN 81-7024-767-5. 
  19. ^ Cohen, Stephen P. (2004). The idea of Pakistan (edisi ke-1. paperback). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-1502-1. 

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