ריצוף (גאומטריה)

ריצוף רצפה באמצעות אריחים שצורתם משושה משוכלל

בגאומטריה, ריצוף הוא כיסוי של משטח דו-ממדי, או מרחב מממד גבוה יותר, באריחים מאותו סוג. ישנם סוגים שונים של ריצופים - הנבדלים זה מזה באופי הקבוצה שאותה מכסים, במספר האריחים המותרים בשימוש, ובמחזוריות שלהם. הדוגמה הפשוטה ביותר היא כיסוי של המישור באריחים ריבועיים, כפי שמשבצות מכסות דף במחברת חשבון. הצד השווה בכל הריצופים הוא שכל נקודה בקבוצה שאותה מכסים, מכוסה בדיוק על ידי אריח אחד.

לריצופים יש חשיבות רבה בגאומטריה (ובטופולוגיה אלגברית), בכך שהם מאפשרים ללמוד את הקבוצה המכוסה X על ידי תכונות של הכיסוי. לכיסוי משויכת חבורת סימטריות G. במקרה שהחבורה פועלת באופן טרנזיטיבי, האריחים בהכרח חופפים זה לזה, ואפשר להתאים ביניהם לבין מרחב המנה . קשרים אלה הם נקודת המוצא של תוכניתו של פליקס קליין מסוף המאה ה-19, ללמוד מרחבים גאומטריים דרך החבורות הפועלות עליהם, ולהפך.

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