Harshen Kalanga

Harshen Kalanga
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo Harsunan Atlantic-Congo Harsunan Volta-Congo Harsunan Benue-Congo Harsunan Bantoid Southern Bantoid ^(en) Bantu ^(en) East Bantu ^(en) Southern Bantu ^(en) Shona languages ^(en) Harshen Kalanga
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	kck
Glottolog	kala1384[1]

matar kabilar kalanga rana abincin gargajiya

Matan kalamga suna abinckn bikin

Kalanga , ko TjiKalanga (a Zimbabwe), yare ne na Bantu wanda mutanen Kalanga ke magana da ita a Botswana da Zimbabwe . Tana da adadi mai yawa na sautunan murya, wanda ya haɗa da kalmomin faɗar baki, masu jujjuya ra'ayi, waɗanda ake so da kuma baƙin da ke da muryar numfashi, har ma da masu sibilan da aka busa.^[2]

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Zimbabwe na shekarar 2013 ya amince da Kalanga a matsayin yare na hukumar kasan kuma ana koyar da shi a makarantu a wuraren da masu magana da shi suka fi yawa.

Rabe-rabe da ire-Ire

Masana ilimin harsuna suna sanya Kalanga (S.16 a rarrabuwa na Guthrie ) da yaren a Nambya (a yankin Hwange na Zimbabwe) a matsayin reshen yamma na rukunin Shona (ko Shonic, ko Shona-Nyai) ƙungiyar rukuni na harsuna, gaba ɗaya an tsara su kamar S.10.

Yaren Kalanga na da bambancin yare tsakanin na Botswana da na Zimbabwe kuma suna amfani da salon magana daban daban. A tarihance, Wentzel ya ambaci Kalanga daidai a gabas da Lilima (Tjililima, Humbe) a yamma, da kuma ire-iren yanzu da suke da yawa ko suka shuɗe: Nyai (Rozvi), Lemba (Remba), Lembethu (Rembethu), Twamamba (Xwamamba), Pfumbi, Jaunda (Jawunda, Jahunda), and † Romwe, † Peri, † Talahundra (Talaunda).^[3][4]

Fasaha

Bakandamiya

		Labial		Dental		Alveolar		Post-<br id="mwNA"><br>alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		plain	alveolar	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.		plain	lab.
Plosive	voiceless	p		t̪			(tʷ)				k	kʷ
	voiced	b		d̪		d	dʷ				ɡ	ɡʷ
	prenasal	ᵐb				ⁿd					ᵑɡ	ᵑɡʷ
	aspirated	pʰ		t̪ʰ		tʰ	tʰʷ				kʰ	kʰʷ
	breathy	pʱ				tʱ						kʷʱ
	ejective					(tʼ)
Affricate	voiceless		p͡s	t̪͡s̪				t͡ʃ
	voiced		b͡z	d̪͡z̪	d̪͡z̪ʷ			d͡ʒ				b͡ɡ
	prenasal							ⁿd͡ʒ
	aspirated			t̪͡s̪ʰ	t̪͡s̪ʰʷ							p͡kʰ
	breathy			t̪͡s̪ʱ				t͡ʃʱ
	ejective							t͡ʃʼ
Fricative	voiceless	f				s	sʷ	ʃ	ʃʷ		(x)	(xʷ)
	voiced	v				z	zʷ	ʒ					ɦ
Nasal		m				n				ɲ	ŋ	ŋʷ
Trill						r
Approximant	lateral					l
	central	β̞								j		w
	breathy											wʱ

• Phonemes /tʰʷ, p͡s, b͡z, t͡ʃʼ/ faruwa ne kawai a matsayin mahimman sautunan sauti
• Sauti /tʼ, tʷ, x, xʷ/ sauti ne da aka aro daga Tswana.^[5]

Wasula

Yaren Kalanga yana da tsarin wasali biyar na yau da kullun:

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa	i		u
Tsakiyar	e		o
Buɗe		a

Bibliyo

• Chebanne, AM & Rodewald, M. K & Pahlen, KW (1995) Ngatikwaleni iKalanga: littafin rubuta Kalanga kamar yadda ake magana a Botswana . Gaborone: Kungiyar Botswana.
• Chebanne, Andy & Schmidt, Daniel (2010). "Kalanga: Nahawu takaitaccen lafazi". Cape Town: CASAS zane mai lamba 75.
• Letsholo, R. (2013). "Alamomin abubuwa a Ikalanga" . Gano Harshe . Kwalejin Dartmouth.
• Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999) Ikalanga sautikan magana da sauti: a synchronic da diachronic binciken. Stanford, CA: Labaran CSLI.

Hanyoyin haɗin waje

• Bangaren yare na rukunin gidan yanar gizon Kungiyar Hadin Kai da Cigaban Al'adu

http://talkingdictionary.swarthmore.edu/kalanga/

Manazarta

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kalanga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999). Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
3. Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online.
4. Wentzel, Petrus Johannes (1981). The Relationship between Venda and Western Shona. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of South Africa.
5. Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999). Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.