Jena

Jena
Bratach a' bhaile Gearradh-arm
no Seula
Suidheachadh
Dùthaich A' Ghearmailt
Ceàrn Jena
Sgìre Thüringen
Co-chomharran 50° 56 Tuath
11° 35′ 00 Ear
Feartan fiosaigeach
Farsaingeachd 114.29 km²
Àireamh-shluaigh 104,449 (2006)
Dlùths 913.89/km²
Àireamh fòn 03641
Duilleag oifigeil http://www.jena.de

’S e baile mòr air an àirde an ear-dheas na Gearmailte a th’ ann an Jena (IPA:ˈjeːna). Tha e suidhichte aig 155m os cionn ìre na mara ri taobh na h-aibhne Saale, anns an stàit Thüringen, 216km air falbh bho Bherlin agus 151km bho Dresden.[1] ’S e Kreisfreie Stadt neo baile neo-eisimeileachd a th’ ann agus tha mu 25,000 oileanaich aig an oilthigh.[2] Tha 104,449 duine a' fuireach anns a’ bhaile.

Eachdraidh

Chaidh Jena a chlàradh airson a’ chiad turas ann an sgrìobhainn bho 1182.[3] Anns an 11mh Linn bha am baile fo na h-Uachdarain à Lobdeburg ach, anns an ath linn, dh’ fhàs e a bhith na bhaile neo-eisimeileach le margaidh, laghan agus britheamhan aige fhèin. Chaidh an eaconomaidh ionad a stèidheachadh air fìon. Ràinig na manaich Doiminiceach ann an 1286 is na Cistercianaich ann an 1301.

Chuir na h-uachdarain à Meißen am baile fo smachd dhaibh ann an 1331.[4] Bha Jena leis na Wettin, sealbhadairean na Meißen, bho 1423 is fiù ’s chum iad e an dèidh sgaradh na h-oighreachdan aca ann an 1485.

Ràinig an Ath-leasachadh gu Jena ann an 1523.[5] Thug muinntir a’ bhaile ionnsaighean air taighean-cràbhaidh nan Doiminiceach is nan Carmeliteach fad na bliadhnaichean a lean sin. Stèidhich an Rìgh Jan Freidrich à Sagsainn Oilthigh Jena (Oilthigh Jena Friedrich Schiller mar an canar e an-diugh) ann an 1558.[6]

’S e prìomh-bhaile na Diùcachd Saxe-Jena fad ùine ghoirid a bh’ ann Jena, dìreach bho 1670 gu 1690.[7] Ghabh Sagsainn-Eisenach thairis Jena ann an 1692 ach chaidh e a chur ri Diùcachd Saxe-Weimar ann an 1741 far an robh e ruige 1918.[8]

Dh’fhàs an t-oilthigh a bhith am fear na bu mhotha is na bu chliùitiche anns a’ Ghearmailt air fad aig deireadh an 18mh Linn[9] is le sin bha Jena uabhasach làidir taobh Feallsanachd aislingeach (le ollamhan mar Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schiller agus Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling) agus romansaidheachd tràth (le bàird mar Novalis, na bràithrean Schlegel agus Ludwig Tieck). Choinnich Goethe agus Schiller aig an an oilthigh ann an 1743 agus bha deagh chàirdeas maireannach aca.[10]

Chuir Napoléon ruaig air Arm na Pruise an seo air an 18mh An Dàmhair 1806, aig Cath Jena-Auerstedt.[11] Shabaid muinntir a’ bhaile an aghaidh nam Frangach, gu h-àraidh na h-oileanaich, is mòran dhaibh a’ sabaid anns na feachd saor Lützow (Gearmailtis: Lützowsches Freikorps) ann a 1813.[12] An ceann dà bhliadhna chaidh am buidheann càirdeil Urburschenschaft a stèidheachadh anns a’ bhaile.[13] Chaochail an sgrìobhadair Rudolf Christoph Eucken ann an Jena ann an 1908.

B’ urrainn do Jena a bhith ga leasachadh fhèin aig toiseach an 19mh Linn taobh innealtachd pongalachd, glainne agus fradharceolas air sàilleabh gu robh rathad-iarainn ann, Saalbahn (rathad-iarainn an Salle) a’ dol ri taobh na h-aibhne Salle bho Halle (Saale)/Leipzig gu Nürnberg.[14] Chaidh companaidhean ainmeil air an stèidheachadh ann an Jena aig an àm, mar eisimpleir Carl Zeiss AG agus Schott AG.[15]

Aig deireadh an Dàrna Cogaidh ann an 1945, thug na h-Aimearaganaich is na Sasannaich ionnsaighean le bomaichean troma air Jena.[16]Chaidh 153 a mharbhadh is bha mòr-chuid sheann mheadhan a’ bhaile air a mhilleadh. Dhèanadh obair càraidh airsan an dèidh a’ chogaidh.

Tha Jena air a bhith na phàirt Thüringen bho stèidheachadh na stàite sin ann an 1920,[17]is chaidh e a thoirt a-steach dhan DDR ann an 1949 is am broinn na sgìre Gera bho 1952. ’S e pàirt na Stàite Shaoir Thüringen agus Poblachd Fheadarail na Gearmailte a th’ ann Jena bho 1990.

Daoine Ainmeil

Bailtean Co-cheangailte

Dealbhan

Iomraidhean

  1. Distance Calculator
  2. Wirtschaft Jena
  3. Lichtstadt jena
  4. Die Dresdner Bilderhandschrift des Sachsenspiegels: Studien zur Schreibsprache, Jörn Weinert, ISBN-10: 3412172065
  5. Oilthigh Jena
  6. Shanghai Ranking
  7. World Statesmen
  8. World Statesmen
  9. Oilthigh Jena
  10. Literatur Welt
  11. Bibliothèque Nationale de France
  12. Johann Friedrich Gottfried Eiselen: Geschichte des Lützowschen Freikorps. 2. Auflage. Anton, Halle 1841.
  13. Burgkeller Jena
  14. Die Saalbahn: Die Geschichte der Eisenbahn zwischen Großheringen, Jena und Saalfeld, Werner Drescher.ISBN-10: 3882555866
  15. Optisches Museum Jena
  16. RAF
  17. Thüringen.de
  18. Ville d’Aubervillers
  19. Stadt Erlangen
  20. Porto Câmara Municipal

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