Kalûga

Kalûga

Калу́га

Emblemen
               
Bestjoer
Lân Ruslân
Oblast Kalûga
Sifers
Ynwennertal 335.599 (2022)
Oerflak 168,8 km²
Befolkingsticht. 1988,15 ynw./km²
Hichte 190 m
Oar
Stifting foar it earst neamd: 1371
Tiidsône (UTC+3)
Koördinaten 54° 32' N 36° 16' E
Offisjele webside
Side fan de stêd
Kaart
Kalûga (Jeropeesk Ruslân)
Kalûga

Kaluga (Russysk: Калу́га) is in stêd oan de Oka, op sa'n 190 km súdwestlik fan de Russyske haadstêd Moskou.

Kalûga is in rajonfrije bestjoerlike ienheid. Njonken it plak sels hearre noch 73 doarpen by de stêd Kalûga ('Gorod Kalûga').

Skiednis

Kalûga waard yn 1371 foar it earst neamd. It wie doe noch in fêsting tsjin Litouwen om Moskou te beskermjen. Nei 1500 hat it noch foar in hoart in ûnôfhinklik foarstedom west. Yn de jierren 1606-1607 wie Kalûga it sintrum fan de boeropstân under Ivan Bolotnikov.

Sûnt de 17e iuw ûntwikkele Kalûga him tusken Moskou en de Oekraïne ta hannelsstêd.

Kalûga (1782)

Peter I stifte oan it begjin fan de 18e iuw in sylfabryk en in papierfabryk yn de stêd. Kalûga wie sûnt ek in ferballingsoarde foar hege politike tsjinstanners fan Ruslân. Sa waard de lêste Krim-kahn Şahin Giray fan 1786 oant 1787 nei Kalûga ferballe. De ferballe Avarenlieder imam Schamil wenne fan 1870 oant 1869 yn Kalûga. Yn 1796 waard Kalûga de haadstêd fan it gûvernemint mei deselde namme, dat oant 1929 bestie.

De stêd makke namme yn 1812 doe't de yn Kalûga stasjonearre troepen fan Michail Kûtûzov Kûtûzov der yn slaggen om tefoarren te kommen dat de Frânske troepen harren nei it suden ta weromloeken. Mei de stifting fan in natoerkundich ynstitút yn 1892 waard yn Kalûga de basis lein foar ûndersyksaktiviteiten. De stifter Konstantin Tsiolkovski wurdt as de pionier fan de Russyske romtefeart beskôge; syn hûs is hjoeddedei in museum. Kalûga wurdt ek wol de 'Widze fan de Kosmonautyk' neamd en hat sadwaande ek in romtefeartmuseum.

Yn de Twadde Wrâldkriich waard de stêd op 12 oktober 1941 by de Slach om Moskou troch de Wehrmacht beset. Neffens de Amerikaanske skiedkundige Timothy Snyder waarden nei Stalin's suverings de Dútsers troch in soad bewenners mei bôle en sâlt ferwolkomme. Foar de joadske mienskip waard in getto ynrjochte, mar al de besetting duorre net lang en al op 30 desimber 1941 waard de stêd troch it Reade Leger befrijd. Foar de Dútske kriichsfinzenen waard yn de stêd it kamp 107 ynrjochte.

Ekonomy

Kalûga is it bestjoerlike sintrum fan de oblast Kalûga, it in in wichtich yndustriëel en wittenskipssintrum.

Volkwagen hat in fabryk yn Kalûga, en Renault en Volvo meitsje der frachtweinen. PSA Peugeaot Citroën iepene yn 2010 mei Mitsubishi yn fabryk yn Kalûga iepene. It oanleverbedriuw Continental iepen yn 2014 in fêstiging.

De Turbinefabryk fan Kalûga boud enerzjymasjines.

Ofbylden

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

Boarnen, noaten en/as referinsjes:

Dizze side is alhiel of foar in part in oersetting fan de Dútsktalige Wikipedyside; sjoch foar de bewurkingsskiednis: de:Kalûga


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