Territorialité des oiseaux

Rossignol philomèle, Luscinia megarhynchos

La territorialité est un comportement très répandu au sein de la classe des oiseaux. Le comportement territorial animal a d'ailleurs été mis en évidence pour la première fois chez un oiseau, le Rossignol philomèle, par John Ray en 1678.

Il a cependant fallu attendre deux siècles pour que l'ornithologue allemand Bernard Altum décrive et commente l'essentiel du comportement territorial.

Types de territoires

Plusieurs types de territoires peuvent être définis :

  • lieu d'accouplement, de nidification et d'alimentation pour les jeunes ;
  • lieu d'accouplement, de nidification mais non d'alimentation ;
  • lieu d'accouplement uniquement ;
  • territoire limité aux environs immédiats du nid ;
  • territoire d'hiver ;
  • territoire de sommeil ;
  • territoire collectif.

Rôles du territoire

Le territoire joue plusieurs rôles :

  • il permet une meilleure utilisation des ressources naturelles (nourriture, abris, etc.) puisque l'oiseau limite son activité à un secteur restreint et parfaitement connu de lui ;
  • il limite la compétition intraspécifique pour ces ressources (nourriture et sites de nids en particulier) ;
  • il renforce la cohésion du couple vivant à l'intérieur d'une zone relativement bien définie ;
  • il réduit les risques de prédation grâce à la dispersion des oiseaux et à leur bonne connaissance de la zone où ils résident ;
  • il réduit le temps consacré aux agressions intraspécifiques ;
  • il limite la propagation des agents infectieux[1].

Références

  1. Hinde R.A. (1956) The biological significance of the territories of birds. Ibis, 98 : 340-369.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Bibliographie

  • P.H. Klopfer, Habitats et territoires des animaux, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1972, 151 p.

Lien externe

  • (fr) Damien Thiebault, « Territoires », sur oiseau.net

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