Mesure image

En théorie de la mesure, la mesure image est une mesure définie sur un espace mesurable et transférée sur un autre espace mesurable via une fonction mesurable.

Définition

On se donne deux espaces mesurables et , une application mesurable et une mesure . La mesure image de μ par f est une mesure sur notée et définie par :

Cette définition s'applique également aux mesures complexes signées.

Formule de changement de variables

La formule de changement de variables est l'une des principales propriétés[1] : Une fonction g sur X2 est intégrable par rapport à la mesure image f*μ si et seulement si la fonction composée g∘ f est intégrable par rapport à la mesure μ. Dans ce cas les deux intégrales coïncident :

Exemples et applications

  • La mesure de Lebesgue naturelle sur le cercle unité S1, vu ici comme sous ensemble du plan complexe , n'est pas définie comme la mesure image de la mesure de Lebesgue λ sur l'ensemble des réels , mais de sa restriction, que nous noterons également λ, à l'intervalle [0, 2π[. Soit f : [0, 2π[ → S1 la bijection naturelle définie par f(t) = eit. La mesure de Lebesgue sur S1 est alors la mesure image f*λ. Cette mesure f*λ peut également être appelée mesure de longueur d'arc ou mesure d'angle, puisque la f*λ-mesure de l'arc S1 est précisément la longueur de l'arc.
  • L'exemple précédent s'étend pour définir la mesure de Lebesgue sur le tore n-dimensionnel Tn. La mesure de Lebesgue sur Tn est, à renormalisation près, la mesure de Haar sur le groupe de Lie compact connexe Tn.
  • Une variable aléatoire est une application mesurable entre un espace probabilisé et . La mesure de probabilité d'une variable aléatoire est la mesure image de ℙ par la variable aléatoire X :
  • Considérons la fonction mesurable f : XX et la composition de f par elle-même n fois :

Cette fonction itérative forme un système dynamique. Il est souvent utile de trouver une mesure μ sur X que l'application f laisse inchangée, ou mesure invariante (en), i.e. qui vérifie : f*μ = μ.

Références

  1. (en) V. I. Bogachev, Measure Theory, Springer, , sections 3.6-3.7

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