Elle est présente dans le lait cru. Ses concentrations dans le lait humain sont 5 à 10 fois plus élevées que dans le lait de vache laitière (150 mg/l).
La lactoferrine agit en régulant la réponse immunitaire cellulaire à différents niveaux[8].
Chez des individus en bonne santé, elle serait en première ligne dans le système de défense immunitaire et protège des invasions infectieuses les ouvertures et orifices du corps, ce grâce à sa capacité unique à se lier au fer, utilisé par un vaste éventail d’organismes pathogènes et de tumeurs pour croître et se reproduire.
Elle joue un rôle dans les premières lignes de défense contre les organismes pathogènes invasifs, probablement en les privant du fer nécessaire à leur croissance. Délivrée dans les zones d’inflammation par les granulocytes[9], elle limite la disponibilité du fer pour les envahisseurs pathogènes, les empêchant ainsi de l’utiliser pour se multiplier.
Elle pourrait également « lyser » directement la membrane cellulaire de certains organismes pathogènes[10].
Chez le nourrisson, la lactoferrine n'est pas totalement dégradée dans le tube digestif[12].
Un récepteur à la lactoferrine humaine a été identifié au niveau des cellules de l'endothélium de l'intestin chez le fœtus[13].
Utilisation médicale
La lactoferrine bovine, en tant que complément alimentaire, est autorisée aux États-Unis[14]. Son efficacité a été démontrée par de nombreuses études[15].
Elle réduit les problèmes infectieux chez les grands prématurés[16], dont le risque d'entérocolite nécrosante[17], mais cette efficacité n'est pas retrouvée dans toutes les études[18]. On notera néanmoins qu'elle est très utilisée en Asie et en particulier au Japon, où les poudres de lait infantile sont toutes enrichies en lactoferrine[19],[20].
la lactoferrine est parfois prescrite en complément des traitements de l'anémie liée à la grossesse[21].
elle présente une efficacité contre la mucoviscidose, maladie dans laquelle le poumon manquait à la fois de lactoferrine[22] et d'hypothiocyanite[23]. Ces travaux faisaient suite aux travaux[24],[25] signifiant que les poumons de malades atteints de mucoviscidose étaient infectés par des bactéries (pseudomonas aeruginosa, burkholderia cepacia) agglutinées en biofilm, lequel biofilm pouvait être inhibé par de la lactoferrine.
La lactoferrine est reconnue comme un principe actif pharmaceutique par les agences Européennes EMEA et Américaines FDAdans le cadre d'une préparation pharmaceutique.
La lactoferrine est un régulateur permettant l'assimilation du fer dans l'organisme. Cela pourrait paraître antinomique avec le fait que l'utilisation du lait UHT génère chez les jeunes enfants (bébés) une carence en fer si on ne rappelait que la lactoferrine est sensible aux traitements thermiques (>60 °C). Dès lors, il convient d'utiliser et/ou d'extraire la lactoferrine du lait cru ou microfiltré.
Ce rôle de régulateur de fer revient également à dire que chez la personne anémiée ou chez les grands sportifs, supplémenter en lactoferrine via l'utilisation de compléments alimentaires ou de lait cru/microfiltré ou via la consommation d'aliments riches en fer (lentilles, foie, abats) permet de retrouver très rapidement un taux de fer ou de ferritine normale.
La lactoferrine peut aussi aider des personnes utilisant des médicaments de type tardyféron, pour rétablir plus rapidement leur équilibre en fer mais aussi éviter la production de radicaux libres générés par l'utilisation des dits médicaments.
↑Kruzel, M L, Harari, Y., Chen, C. Y., & Castro, G. A. (2000). Lactoferrin protects gut mucosal integrity during endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Inflammation, 24(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/a:1006935908960
↑Carine Fillebeen, Marie-Magdeleine Ruchoux, Valérie Mitchell, Sylvie Vincent, Monique Benaı̈ssa, Annick Pierce (2001) Lactoferrin is synthesized by activated microglia in the human substantia nigra and its synthesis by the human microglial CHME cell line is upregulated by tumor necrosis factor α or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium treatment (Original Research Article) ; Molecular Brain Research, Vol.96, n°1–2, 30 nov 2001, Pages 103 à 113 (résumé)
↑Mowska, Patryk, Daniel Lorentzen, Katherine Excoffon, Joseph Zabner, Paul B. McCray, William M. Nauseef, Corinne Dupuy, and Botond Bánfi. A novel host defense system of airways is defective in cystic fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 1 Nov. 2006. Web. 26 Nov. 2009
↑Reghunathan R, Jayapal M, Puddua P, Borghi P, Gessani S, et al. Antiviral effect of bovine lactoferrin saturated with metalions on early steps of human immunodeciency virus type 1 infection. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 1998;30:1055-63
↑ a et bCarvalho AM, Casseb S, Gonçalves RB. Bovine lactoferrin activity against Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Journal of General Virology. 2016;98(7):1749-75
↑Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett K, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, et al. Cryo- EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367:1260-3.
↑Hofmann H, Pohlmann S. Cellular entry of the SARS coronavirus. Trends in Microbiology. 2004;12:466-72.
↑Berlutti F, Pantanella F, Natalizi T, Frioni A, Paesano R, Polimeni A, et al. Antiviral properties of lactoferrin-A Natural Immunity Molecule. Molecules. 2011;16:6992-7018
↑Wakabayashi H, Kurokawa M, Shin K, Teraguchi S, Tamura Y, Shiraki K. Oral lactoferrin prevents body weight loss and increases cytokine responses during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004;68:537-44
↑Wang A, Duncan SE, Lesser GL. Effect of lactoferrin on taste and smell abnormalities induced by chemotherapy: A proteome analysis. Food Funct. 2018;9:4948-58.
↑Yen MH, Chiu CH, Huang YC. Effects of lactoferrin-containing formula in the prevention of enterovirus and rotavirus infection and impact on serum cytokine levels: A randomized trial. Chang Gung Med J. 2011;34-4:395-401.
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