Mukavuuslippulaiva

Panaman lipun alla mukavuuslippulaivana kulkeva kemikaalitankkeri.

Mukavuuslippulaiva on laiva, joka on rekisteröity muun kuin kotivaltion lipun alle esimerkiksi verotuksen ja palkkakustannusten alhaisuuden vuoksi tai valtion sääntelyn välttämiseksi[1]. Termiä on käytetty 1950-luvulta lähtien, ja se perustuu siihen, että laivan lippu kuvaa maata, jonka alusrekisterissä laiva on. Alusrekisterissä oleva aluksen kotimaa taas määrittelee sen, minkä maan lainsäädäntöä ja verotusta aluksella sovelletaan.lähde?

Aluksen siirtämistä kotivaltiosta muun maan lipun alle kutsutaan ulosliputukseksi[2][3].

Nykyisin noin puolet maailman kauppalaivastosta toimii mukavuuslippulaivoina. Suurin osa niistä on rekisteröity Liberiassa, Panamassa tai Marshallsaarilla.[4] Nämä ovat samalla kolme maata, joiden rekistereihin on merkitty eniten kauppa-aluksia. Vuonna 2022 japanilaisten omistamista laivoista 49 % oli rekisteröity Panamassa, kun taas kreikkalaisten omistamista laivoista 25 % oli rekisteröity Liberiassa ja 23 % Marshallsaarilla. Panamassa rekisteröityjen laivojen kantavuus oli yhteensä 350, Liberiassa rekisteröityjen 335 ja Marhallsaarilla rekisteröityjen 290 miljoonaa tonnia kuollutta painoa. Myös Hongkongissa rekisteröityjen alusten yhteenlaskettu kantavuus ylitti 200 ja Singaporessa rekisteröityjen 150 miljoonaa tonnia.[5]

Mukavuuslipputaulukko ja rekisteröityjen alusten tilastot

Lippu-maa Rekisteröityjä laivoja Irtolastialusten määrä Konttialusten määrä Yleisten rahtilaivojen määrä Öljytankkereiden määrä Muut
 Panama 7 980 2 697 643 1 381 771 2 488
 Liberia 3 942 1 487 878 131 851 595
 Marshallinsaaret 3 817 1 733 248 66 970 800
Maltan kauppalaivaston lippu Malta 2 137 601 310 218 412 596
Bahaman kauppalaivaston lippu Bahama 1 323 333 45 64 224 657
 Kypros 1 051 269 182 197 59 344
 Belize 813 54 1 428 70 260
 Saint Vincent ja Grenadiinit 792 27 17 155 16 577
 Madeira 726 86 267 137 27 209
 Antigua ja Barbuda 677 24 123 473 2 55
 Saksa 599 77 85 36 401
 Sierra Leone 591 30 9 319 108 125
 Ranska 548 29 50 28 441
 Honduras 505 1 244 82 178
 Togo 411 1 9 265 56 80
 Sansibar 314 4 6 144 49 111
 Vanuatu 306 18 2 55 2 229
 Mongolia 302 4 7 131 64 96
 Pohjois-Korea 264 8 5 189 33 29
 Palau 264 16 7 107 40 94
 Kambodža 245 2 162 18 63
 Saint Kitts ja Nevis 244 6 7 45 53 133
 Komorit 236 8 7 112 31 78
 Gibraltar 202 8 19 55 20 100
 Cookinsaaret 194 19 1 57 54 63
 Barbados 165 46 103 16
 Caymansaaret 160 32 1 1 23 103
 Bermuda 147 12 18 117
 Moldova 147 5 5 97 7 33
 Färsaaret 101 6 48 1 46
 Myanmar 95 2 39 5 49
 Kamerun 94 3 1 35 24 31
 Sri Lanka 90 6 13 11 60
 Curaçao 63 6 1 56
 Libanon 48 2 31 1 14
 Bolivia 45 29 2 14
 Jamaika 43 1 5 9 1 27
 Päiväntasaajan Guinea 42 1 8 6 27
 Tonga 32 4 13 1 14
 Mauritius 29 1 4 24
 Georgia 25 2 3 20
 São Tomé ja Príncipe 22 13 2 7
Lähde:[6]

Suomi mukavuuslippumaana

Suomi oli 1920- ja 1930-luvulla suosittu ”mukavuuslippumaa” Länsi-Euroopan maita alhaisempien kustannustensa takia, joskaan termiä ei vielä tuolloin käytetty vaan puhuttiin vain lippulaivoista ja lippuvarustamoista. Esimerkiksi vuonna 1932 suomalainen höyrylaivan lämmittäjä ansaitsi 500 markkaa kuukaudessa, kun englantilaiselle lämmittäjälle piti maksaa noin 1 200 markkaa. Brittilaivojen liputuksen Suomeen aloitti Antti Wihuri, ja myöhemmin Suomeen liputettiin eniten ruotsalaisia laivoja. Toimintaan tuli mukaan myös hollantilaisia, norjalaisia, tanskalaisia ja saksalaisia varustamoja niin, että 1930-luvun lopulla Suomen lipun alla purjehti 56 muunmaalaista laivaa, mikä vastasi noin viidennestä Suomen kauppalaivaston kuljetuskapasiteetista.[3]

Katso myös

Lähteet

  1. Taloussanomat: Taloussanakirja: mukavuuslippulaiva Taloussanomat Oy. Viitattu 18.8.2009. (suomeksi)
  2. ulosliputus YSO - Yleinen suomalainen ontologia, Finto. Viitattu 23.11.2022.
  3. a b Pietikäinen, Matti & Wirrankoski, Raimo A.: ”Suomi mukavuuslippumaana”, Navis Fennica. Suomen merenkulun historia, osa 2: Höyryveneistä uiviin loistohotelleihin, s. 172–178. WSOY, 1994.
  4. Timo Sylvänne: Lippulaivat – mukavuusliput. Vapaavahti – Frivakt, 2022, nro 2. Artikkelin verkkoversio.
  5. Handbook of statistics 2022 - Maritime transport: Merchant Fleet -> Major flags of registration UNCTAD. Viitattu 12.4.2023.
  6. Merchant marine - The World Factbook www.cia.gov. Viitattu 17.4.2023.
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