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Lingala

Lingala
Lingalan kielen puhuma-alue
Lingalan kielen puhuma-alue
Tiedot
Alue  Kongon tasavalta
Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta Kongon dem. tasavalta
Virallinen kieli  Kongon tasavalta
Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta Kongon dem. tasavalta
Puhujia 2 141 300[1]
Sija ei sadan suurimman joukossa
Kirjaimisto latinalaiset aakkoset
Kielitieteellinen luokitus
Kielikunta nigeriläis-kongolaiset kielet
Kieliryhmä bantukielet
Kielikoodit
ISO 639-1 ln
ISO 639-2 lin
ISO 639-3 lin


Lingala on nigeriläis-kongolainen kieli. Sitä puhutaan pääasiassa Kongon tasavallassa ja Kongon demokraattisessa tasavallassa.[2] Joidenkin kielitieteilijöiden mukaan lingala on Keski-Afrikan bantu-pohjainen kreoli.[3] Kieltä puhuu äidinkielenään yhteensä noin kaksi miljoonaa ihmistä.[1] Kongon demokraattisen tasavallan asukkaista lingalaa puhuu arviolta 25–38 % koko väestöstä. Se toimii yhtenä monikielisen maan lingua francana.[4]

Kieltä kirjoitetaan latinalaisin aakkosin.[5] Raamattu käännettiin kokonaisuudessaan lingalaksi vuonna 1970.[6]

Lingalalla on kansalliskielen asema Kongon demokraattisessa tasavallassa ja Kongossa.[4]

Fonologia

Vokaalit

Etinen Keskinen Takainen
Suppea i u
Puolisuppea e o
Puoliavoin ɛ ɔ
Avoin a

Lingalassa esiintyy neljä toonia: matala, korkea, laskeva ja nouseva.

Lähde:[7]

Konsonantit

Bilabiaali Labio-dentaali Alveolaari Palataali Velaari Glottaali
Nasaali m n ɲ
Klusiili Norm. p | b t | d k | g
Prenas. mb nd ŋg
Afrikaatta Norm. ts kp | gb gb
Prenas. ŋgb
Frikatiivi Norm. f | v s | z ʃ h
Prenas. ɱf | ɱv ns | nz ~ ɲʒ
Lateraali l
Tremulantti r
Puolivokaali w j

Lähde:[7]

Kielioppi ja sanasto

Substantiivit jaetaan 15 sanaluokkaan. Lukuja on kaksi: yksikkö ja monikko. Verbeissä esiintyy paljon agglutiniivisuutta, jolla ilmaistaan tekijää, tapaa ja passiivisuutta. Aikamuotoja on kolme.[8]

Perussanajärjestys on subjekti–verbi–objekti.[9]

Ranskan kielen vaikutus näkyy kielen sanastossa, mutta lainasanoja on otettu myös muista eurooppalaisista kielistä kuten portugalista (esim. manteca, suom. voi) ja englannista (esim. buku, suom. kirja). Lisäksi afrikkalaisista kielistä, kuten swahilista, kongosta ja kitubasta.[8]

Lukusanat 1–10 lingalaksi:[10]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
mókó míbalé mísáto mínei mítáno motóba sámbó mwámbe libwá zómi
Wikipedia
Wikipedia
Lingalankielinen Wikipedia, vapaa tietosanakirja

Lähteet

  1. a b Lingala Ethnologue. 2023. Viitattu 7.10.2023. (englanniksi)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert ja Haspelmath, Martin (toim.): Lingala 2017. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Viitattu 18.1.2020.
  3. Mufwene, Salikoko Sangol: Lingala Language 27.9.2013. Encyclopædia Britannica. Viitattu 18.1.2020. (englanniksi)
  4. a b Lingala (pdf) National African Language Resource Center. Arkistoitu 21.1.2024. Viitattu 7.102.2023. (englanniksi)
  5. Lingala written with Latin script ScriptSource. 2023. Viitattu 7.10.2023. (englanniksi)
  6. Lingala in Congo, Democratic Republic of Joshua Project. 2023. Viitattu 7.10.2023. (englanniksi)
  7. a b Lingala language and alphabet www.omniglot.com. Viitattu 7.10.2023.
  8. a b Lingala Language - Dialects & Structure MustGo. 2023. Viitattu 7.10.2023. (englanniksi)
  9. Survey chapter: Lingala APiCS Online. 2023. Viitattu 7.10.2023. (englanniksi)
  10. Ulrich, Alexis: Lingala numbers Of Languages and Numbers. 2023. Viitattu 7.10.2023. (englanniksi)
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