Hypernova

Eeta Carinae, yksi lähimmistä mahdollisista tulevista hypernovista.
Wolfin–Rayetin tähti R136a1 päättää päivänsä todennäköisesti hypernovalla.

Hypernova on supernovaakin suurempi räjähdys, joka voi syntyä, kun erittäin suuri tähti romahtaa elinkaarensa lopussa. 1990-luvulle asti hypernova määriteltiin supernovaksi, jossa vapautuu yli 1048 joulea energiaa. Tämä on noin 100 kertaa enemmän kuin tavanomaisten tyypin II supernovien räjähdyksessä vapautuu. Hypernovat voivat olla pitkän matkan gammapurkausten alkuperä.[1]

1990-luvun jälkeen hypernova alettiin määritellä supernovaksi, joka syntyy kaikkein massiivisimpien tähtien, hyperjättiläisten (joiden massa on 100–300 kertaa Auringon massa), luhistuessa. Nikkelin isotoopin 56Ni:n uskotaan olevan hypernovasta lähtevän valon tärkein lähde.[2]

Lähellä ilmenevä hypernova voisi aiheuttaa vakavaa vahinkoa Maalle, mutta yhdenkään hyperjättiläisen ei uskota olevan niin lähellä, että siitä olisi todellista uhkaa Maalle.[3] Astrofyysikko Brian Thomasin johtama ryhmä Kansasin yliopistosta on esittänyt hypoteesin, jonka mukaan hypernova olisi saattanut aiheuttaa joukkosukupuuton Maassa 440 miljoonaa vuotta sitten. Asiasta ei kuitenkaan ole olemassa mitään todisteita.[4]

Katso myös

Lähteet

  1. ↑ A Hypernova: The Super-charged Supernova and its link to Gamma-Ray Bursts Nasa – Goddard Space Flight Center. Arkistoitu 26.1.2020. Viitattu 27.1.2020. (englanniksi)
  2. ↑ COSMOS – The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy › H – Hypernova Study Astronomy Online at Swinburne University. Viitattu 27.1.2020. (englanniksi)
  3. ↑ Milan, Wil: Possible Hypernova Could Affect Earth Space.com. 7.3.2000. Arkistoitu 20.7.2000. Viitattu 27.1.2020. (englanniksi)
  4. ↑ Tretkoff, Ernie: Did Gamma Rays Cause Ordovician Mass Extinction? APS News, 2004, 13. vsk, nro 7. American Physical Society. Artikkelin verkkoversio. Viitattu 27.1.2020. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

Tähdet
Synty ja kehitys

Synty · Prototähti · Esipääsarja · Pääsarja
Horisontaalihaara · Asymptoottihaara
Esiplanetaarinen sumu · Planetaarinen sumu
Wolfin–Rayetin tähti · Valesupernova
Supernova · Hypernova

Luminositeettiluokitus

Alikääpiö · Kääpiö (Punainen · Keltainen · Sininen)
Alijättiläinen · Jättiläinen (Punainen · Sininen)
Kirkas jättiläinen · Ylijättiläinen (Punainen · Sininen)
Hyperjättiläinen

Spektriluokitus

O · B · A · F · G · K · M
Bariumtähti · Hiilitähti · Teknetiumtähti

Jäänteet

Valkoinen kääpiö · Musta kääpiö · Heliumplaneetta
Neutronitähti (Pulsari · Magnetar) · Musta aukko

Nukleosynteesi

Alfareaktio · Kolmialfareaktio · Heliumleimahdus
Hiilisykli · Hiilen fuusio · Neutronisieppaus · Nova

Yleiset ominaisuudet

Ikä · Magnitudi · Metallisuus · Luminositeetti

Aiheeseen liittyvää

Ruskea kääpiö · Ruskea alikääpiö · Planeetta
Tähtijoukko (Avoin · Pallomainen) · Tähdistö
Auringon ominaisuudet

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