Viola da gamba

 See artikkel räägib pillist; Gaboni linna kohta vaata artiklit Gamba (Gabon)

Viola da gamba

Viola da gamba ehk gamba (gamba tähendab itaalia keeles 'jalg, säär') on poogenkeelpill, millel on tavaliselt kuus keelt ning mis suuruselt ja diapasoonilt sarnaneb tšelloga. Gamba ei ole tšello eelkäija, kuigi sarnaneb ehituselt tšelloga. Erinevalt tšellost hoitakse gambat mängides põlvede vahel, tšello aga toetub pulgale, mis on paigaldatud pilli alumisse otsa.

Gambadeks nimetatakse kõiki poogenkeelpille, mis arenesid välja 15. sajandi teisel poolel ning olid baroki ja renessansi ajal (16.18. sajandil) ülipopulaarsed. Viola da gamba'de perekond arenes peamiselt renessansiaegsest näppepillist, kitarri eellasest vihueelast. Gambade perekord erineb viiuli perekonnast mitmeti.

Ajalugu

Vihuelistid hakkasid oma instrumenti poognaga mängima 15. sajandi teisel poolel. Kahe või kolme aastakümne jooksul arenes sellest aga välja täiesti uus poognaga keelpill, milles säilisid mitmed vihueela omadused: lame tagaosa, teravad sisselõiked külgedel, krihvid, õhukesed kõlakasti küljed ja identne häälestus, millest tuleneb ka selle originaalnimetus vihuela de arco; arco tähendab hispaania keeles poognat.

Tüüpe

Gambasid esineb kuues suuruses: pardessus de viole (on väga haruldane; seda ei olnud olemas enne 18. sajandit), sopran, alt, tenor, bass ja kontrabass. Sopran on umbes viiulisuurune, kuid sügavama kõlakastiga. Tavaline bassgamba on veidi väiksem kui tšello. Inglased tegid aga väiksemaid gambasid, mida nimetatakse division viol'ideks, ning veel väiksemaid lyra viol'eid. Saksa bassgambad olid suuremad kui prantsuse omad, mis olid mõeldud generaalbassi mängimiseks. Sarnased instrumendid on ka baryton ja viola d'amore, kuigi viimast mängitakse lõua all nagu vioolat.

Häälestus

Gamba standardhäälestus on kvartides, suure tertsiga keskel (nagu ka renessansiaegsetel lautodel). Bassgambade häälestus alustades madalaimast on D-G-C-E-A-D (seitsmekeelelistel on lisaks veel madal A). Tenorgambade häälestus on G-C-F-A-D-G (kuigi renessansiaegsetel tenorgambadel oli see tavaliselt A-D-G-B-E-A). Soprangamba häälestus on bassgambast oktav kõrgemal.

Muid häälestusi kasutati tihti, iseäranis soolopillina mängitaval lyra viol'il. See võimaldas kasutada mitut tehnikat, sealhulgas võtta akorde ja mängida pizzicato't, mida siiski seltskondlikul musitseerimisel ei kasutatud. (Üks tollaseid ebatavalisi pizzicato stiile oli ka thump.) Lyra viol'i muusika oli tavaliselt kirjutatud tabulatuuris. Sellist muusikat lõid tohutul hulgal nii tuntud kui ka anonüümsed heliloojad.

Suur osa gambamuusikast on pärit ajast enne võrdtempereeritud häälestuse kasutuselevõttu.

Viola da gamba tänapäeval

Tänapäeval on gamba äratanud huvi eriti amatööride seas. Selle põhjuseks võib olla mõistliku hinnaga instrumentide kättesaadavus firmadelt, kes kasutavad automatiseeritud tootmisliine, ning samuti kergem ligipääs muusikaväljannetele. Gamba on sobilik instrument ka täiskasvanuna pillimängu alustanutele. Percy Scholes kirjutas, et gambarepertuaar kuulub ajastusse, mis nõudis pigem lihtsalt muusikuks olemist kui virtuoossust.

Gambamängust huvitatutele on loodud palju ühinguid. Esimene neist oli The Viola da Gamba Society, mis asutati Ameerika Ühendriikides 1948. aastal ja millel on ülemaailmne liikmeskond. Hiljem on sarnaseid organisatsioone loodud ka muudes riikides.

Viini ülikoolis kui vanaaegsete pillide taassünni keskuses loodi ajalooliste muusikainstrumentide elav muuseum. Rohkem kui 100 vanaaegsest pillist, mille hulgas ka ligikaudu 50 ajaloolist mängitavat viola da gambat, koosneva koguga pandi alus uuele muuseumile – The Orpheon Foundation Museum of Historical Instruments. Kõiki selle muuseumi instrumente mängib barokkorkester Orpheon või muusikud, kes saavad sealt instrumendi endale alaliselt üürida. Muuseumi kogusse kuuluvaid muusikariistu demonstreeritakse ka ajutistel näitustel. Neid õpitakse mängima ja neist teevad koopiaid viiulimeistrid, täiendades inimkonna teadmisi selle pilli, tema kujude ja erinevate valmistamistehnikate kohta.

Tuntud viola da gamba mängijaid

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