India pähkel

Akažuud (lääneanakardi viljad)
India pähklid

India pähkel ehk nakar ehk kašupähkel on lääneanakardi ehk india nakrapuu seeme.

Päritolu ja levik

Taim ei ole pärit Indiast, vaid Brasiilia kirdeosast, kus seda portugali keeles nimetatakse cajueiro [kažu'eiru]. Perioodil 1560–1565 viisid portugallased selle oma Indias asuvasse kolooniasse Goasse. Sealt levis see üle Kagu-Aasia ja lõpuks Aafrikasse. Tänapäeval kasvab seda kõikjal, kus on piisavalt soe ja niiske kliima. Teda kasvatatakse viljapuuna troopikas.

Vili

Lääneanakardi vili on akažuu (portugali keeles caju [kažuu]. Tavaliselt peetakse ja nimetatakse viljaks ovaalset kuni pirnikujulist rüüsvilja, mis areneb õiepõhjast ja koosneb viljaraagudest. Seda nimetatakse akažuuõunaks ehk kašuõunaks. Rüüsvili kujutab endast kollast ja/või punast ploomi- või pirnisuurust (läbimõõt 5–11 cm) moodustist. See on magushapu ja mahlakas ning seda süüakse toorelt.

Taime tegelik vili on ligikaudu neeru- või poksikindakujuline luuvili, mis kasvab rüüsvilja otsas. Luuvili kasvabki kõigepealt, seejärel tekib õieraost rüüsvili. Tegeliku vilja sees on üksainus seeme, india pähkel. See seeme ei ole botaanilises mõttes pähkel, kuigi vilja ennast peavad mõned botaanikud pähkliks. Seemet ümbritseb kahekordne koor, mis sisaldab söövitavat fenoolvaiku. Mõned inimesed on nakarde vastu allergilised, kuid nakrad on vähem sagedane allergeen kui mõned muud pähklid.

Kasutamine

Tervisepoodides on saadaval toornakraid, mis on ainult keedetud, mitte röstitud ega pruunistatud.

Taimetoitlased söövad nakraid juustu asemel.

Aasia köögis on nakarde kasutamine toiduvalmistamisel laialt levinud, näiteks valmistatakse kana nakardega. Samuti tehakse nakraist maapähklivõi sarnast määret. Nakrad on väga õlirikkad ja neid lisatakse ka teistesse pähklivõidesse, et nende õlisisaldust tõsta.

Nakrad on levinud näksid ja nende rikka maitsebuketi tõttu süüakse neid sageli paljalt, kergelt soolatatuna või suhkurdatuna. Neid kaetakse ka šokolaadiga, ent nad on sarapuupähklitest ja mandlitest kallimad ning seetõttu neid kompvekkides üldiselt ei kasutata, välja arvatud mõne erilise hõrgutisetootja toodangus.

Seemnete toodang, toiteväärtus ja biokeemiline koostis

Toodangu tabelis on antud andmed puhastamata seemnete kohta, ülejäänud tabelites on andmed puhastatud ja kuivatatud seemnete kohta.

Suurimad tootjad 2012. aastal[1]
Riik Toodang,
tonnides 		Osakaal,
%
 Vietnam 1 190 900 28,7
 Nigeeria 836 500* 17,7
 India 680 000* 16,4
 Côte d'Ivoire 450 000 10,8
 Benin 170 000* 4,1
 Filipiinid 132 541 3,2
 Guinea-Bissau 130 000* 3,1
 Tansaania 122 274 2,9
 Indoneesia 117 400 2,8
 Brasiilia 80 630 1,9
Maailm kokku 4 152 315 100
* – FAO hinnang
Toitained[2]
Toitaine Väärtus
100 g kohta 		Ühik
Vesi 5,20 g
Kalorsus 553 kcal
Valgud 18,22 g
Lipiidid 43,85 g
Tuhk 2,54 g
Süsivesikud 30,19 g
Sahharoos 5,81 g
Kiudained 3,30 g
Tärklis 23,49 g
Toiteelemendid[2]
Toiteelement Väärtus
100 g kohta 		Ühik
Kaltsium (Ca) 37,0 mg
Raud (Fe) 6,68 mg
Magneesium (Mg) 292,0 mg
Fosfor (P) 593,0 mg
Kaalium (K) 660,0 mg
Naatrium (Na) 12,0 mg
Tsink (Zn) 5,78 mg
Vask (Cu) 2,20 mg
Mangaan (Mn) 1,66 mg
Seleen (Se) 19,9 μg
Vitamiinid[2]
Vitamiin Väärtus
100 g kohta 		Ühik
C 0,5 mg
B1 0,42 mg
B2 0,06 mg
B3 1,06 mg
B5 0,86 mg
B6 0,42 mg
E 6,6 mg
Luteiin+
zeaksantiin 		22,0 μg
K 34,1 μg
(1 g = 1000 mg; 1 mg = 1000 μg)
Aminohapped[2]
Aminohape Väärtus
100 g kohta 		Ühik
Glutamiinhape 4,51 g
Arginiin 2,12 g
Aspartaamhape 1,80 g
Leutsiin 1,47 g
Valiin 1,09 g
Seriin 1,08 g
Fenüülalaniin 0,95 g
Glütsiin 0,94 g
Lüsiin 0,93 g
Alaniin 0,84 g
Proliin 0,81 g
Isoleutsiin 0,79 g
Treoniin 0,69 g

Viited

  1. ↑ ""Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"". faostat3.fao.org (inglise). Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 19.10.2016. Vaadatud 09.01.2015.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 ""USDA National Nutrient Database"". www.nal.usda.gov (inglise). Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 3.03.2015. Vaadatud 9.12.2010.

Read other articles:

Head of a Woman (Leonardo, Turin)

Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci Head of a WomanArtistLeonardo da VinciYearc. 1483–1485MediumSilverpointDimensions18.1 cm × 15.9 cm (7.1 in × 6.3 in)LocationRoyal Library of Turin The Head of a Young Woman is a drawing in silverpoint on paper by the Florentine painter Leonardo da Vinci, housed in the Royal Library of Turin.[1][2] See also List of works by Leonardo da Vinci References ^ Volto di fanciulla (studio per il volto dell'angel...

 

Kanata, Ontario

Place in Ontario, Canada This article is about a district in Ontario. For other uses, see Kanata (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (February 2013) This article need...

 

Selsey F.C.

Association football club in England Football clubSelseyFull nameSelsey Football ClubNickname(s)The SealsFounded1903GroundThe High Street Ground, SelseyCapacityUnknownChairmanDavid LeeManagerDaren PearceLeagueSouthern Combination Division One2022–23Southern Combination Division One, 6th of 17 Home colours Away colours Selsey Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in Selsey, West Sussex, England. The club is a FA Chartered Standard Community club affiliated to the Sussex Co...

Championnat provincial du Canada de rugby à XV

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une compétition de rugby à XV et le Canada. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Championnat provincial du Canada Généralités Sport rugby à XV Création 2009 Organisateur(s) Fédération canadienne de rugby à XV Éditions 10 Périodicité annuelle Nations Canada Participants Canada atlantique Colombie-Britannique Ontario Prairies canadiennes Site web offic...

 

Ambi Pur

Ambi Pur Ambi Pur adalah sebuah merek produk penyegar udara milik Procter & Gamble. Produk tersebut mula-mula diluncurkan pada 1958 di Spanyol, dan sekarang dijual di seluruh dunia.[1][2] Riwayat Produk pertama Ambi-Pur diluncurkan pada 1958[1] di Spanyol oleh Cruz Verde.[2] Pada 1984, Sara Lee Corporation mengakuisisi Cruz Verde.[3] Ini adalah merek pertama yang meluncurkan penyegar udara cair yang ditancapkan.[1] Pada 11 Desember 2009, Pro...

 

Ключка Олександр Сергійович

У Вікіпедії є статті про інших людей із прізвищем Ключка (значення). Олександр КлючкаКлючка Олександр Сергійович  Старший сержантЗагальна інформаціяНаціональність українецьВійськова службаПриналежність  УкраїнаВид ЗС  Збройні силиВійни / битви Російсько-украї

بابيروسة بورو

اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف بابيروسة بورو   حالة الحفظ أنواع مهددة بالانقراض (خطر انقراض أدنى)[1] المرتبة التصنيفية نوع[2]  التصنيف العلمي المملكة: حيوان الشعبة: حبليات الطائفة: ثدييات الرتبة: شفعيات الأصابع الفصيلة: خنزيريات الجنس: بابيروسة الاسم ال

 

The Pianist (memoir)

This article is about the book. For the film by Roman Polanski, see The Pianist (2002 film). 1946 memoir by Władysław Szpilman The Pianist 1946 Polish editionAuthorWładysław SzpilmanEditorJerzy Waldorff (1946 edition)[1]German translatorKarin WolffEnglish translatorAnthea Bell SubjectThe Holocaust, World War IIGenreMemoirSet inWarsaw, PolandPublication date1946 (Polish): Śmierć Miasta. Pamiętniki Władysława Szpilmana 1939–1945, Warsaw: Wiedza.[1]First translati...

 

Hadrian's Tower

Residential tower in England Hadrian's TowerUnder construction, July 2020Location within Tyne and WearGeneral informationTypeResidentialLocationNewcastle upon TyneAddress27 Rutherford St, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5DPCoordinates54°58′17″N 1°37′20″W / 54.9713°N 1.6221°W / 54.9713; -1.6221Construction started2018CompletedSeptember 2020OpenedDecember 2020CostGBP £26 millionClientCitygrove SecuritiesHeightTop floor83 metres (272 ft)Technical detailsStructur...

Dublin University Cricket Club

Cricket Club of Trinity College Dublin This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Dublin University Dublin University Cricket Club is a cricket team in Ireland. There is evidence of cricket being played at the University before 1820 but the first rec...

 

Death Trip (2014 film)

For the 2015 film, see Death Trip (2015 film). 2014 Chinese filmDeath TripDirected byLiu ChenTian LiRelease date December 26, 2014 (2014-12-26) (China) Running time86 minutesCountriesChinaThailandLanguageMandarinBox office¥1.27 million (China) Death Trip (Chinese: 还魂之迷失曼谷) is a 2014 Chinese-Thai suspense thriller film directed by Liu Chen and Tian Li. It was released on December 26.[1] Cast Van Fan Li Xinyun Li Yuan Xue Cun Reception By December 2...

 

Racing de Ferrol

Football clubRacing de FerrolFull nameRacing Club de Ferrol, S.A.D.Nickname(s)Os Departamentais Os Diaños Verdes (Green Devils)Founded5 October 1919; 104 years ago (5 October 1919)GroundA Malata, Ferrol, Galicia, SpainCapacity12,043 [1]PresidentJosé CriadoHead coachCristóbal ParraloLeagueSegunda División2022–23Primera Federación – Group 1, 1st of 20 (promoted)WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Racing Club de Ferrol 2023-24. Racing Club de Ferrol, commo...

Dr. Kildare's Victory

1942 US film directed by W. S. Van Dyke Dr. Kildare's VictoryDirected byW. S. Van DykeWritten byJoseph HarringtonMax BrandScreenplay byHarry RuskinWillis GoldbeckStarringLew AyresLionel BarrymoreAnn AyarsCinematographyWilliam H. DanielsEdited byFrank E. HullMusic byLennie HaytonDistributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease dateJune 25, 1942Running time92 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Dr. Kildare's Victory is a 1942 film directed by W. S. Van Dyke. It stars Lew Ayres and Lionel Barrymo...

 

Северноэтрусские алфавиты

северноэтрусские алфавиты Тип письма консонантно-вокалическое письмо Языки ретский, лепонтийский, венетский История Место возникновения Северная Италия Период VI век до н. э. (венетский) — I век до н. э. Происхождение Северносемитский алфавит греческий алфавит этрусский ...

 

So Close (film)

2002 Hong Kong filmSo CloseFilm posterChinese nameTraditional Chinese夕陽天使Simplified Chinese夕阳天使TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXīyáng TiānshǐYue: CantoneseJyutpingZik6-joeng4 Tin1-si2 Directed byCorey YuenWritten byJeffrey LauProduced byPo-Chu ChuiStarring Shu Qi Vicki Zhao Karen Mok Song Seung-heon CinematographyVenus KeungChan Chi-yingEdited byCheung Ka-faiMusic bySam KaoKenjo TanProductioncompaniesColumbia Pictures Film Production Asia[1]Eastern ...

Marc Saint-Saëns

French printmaker You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (January 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into ...

 

Kesusastraan Indonesia Periode 1950-1965

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, salah satu sastrawan pada periode 1950-1965 Kemunculan corak kesusastraan pada periode 1950-1965 tidak lepas keberadaannya dari polemik kebudayaan yang terjadi di Indonesia.[1] Di tengah-tengah perang ideologi yang terjadi, muncullah lembaga kebudayaan yang mewakili setiap institusi ideologi.[1] LKN (Lembaga Kebudayaan Nasional) mewakili PNI dengan ide kenasionalannya.[1] Lesbumi (Lembaga Seni Budaya Muslim Indonesia) mewakili partai Islam dengan...

 

Katherine Merchant

England international rugby union player Rugby playerKatherine Merchantplaying for Worcester in 2010Date of birth (1985-10-29) 29 October 1985 (age 38)Place of birthBrighton, East Sussex, EnglandHeight1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Weight72 kg (159 lb; 11 st 5 lb)Rugby union careerPosition(s) WingSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)- Worcester ()International careerYears Team Apps (Points)- England 54 National sevens team(s)Years Team Comps- England 7s Katherine (K...

12 Concerti a cinque (Albinoni)

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: 12 Concerti a cinque Albinoni – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) Title page of 12 Concerti a cinque, op. 9. 12 Concerti a cinque (op. 9) is a collection of concertos by the Italian composer Tomaso Albinoni, published in...

 

Caodaism

Religion in Vietnam Cao Đài's left eye, similar to the Eye of Providence. Caodaism Holy See in Tây Ninh is the main religious building in Caodaism's Holy Land, outside of which buildings with the same functions are called Caodaist temples. Caodaism (/ˌkaʊˈdaɪzm/, Vietnamese: Đạo Cao Đài, Chữ Hán: 道高臺, IPA: [ʔɗaːw˧˨ʔ kaːw˧˧ ʔɗaːj˨˩]) is a monotheistic syncretic religion that retains many elements from Vietnamese folk religion such as ancestor worship,...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!