Óxido de fósforo(V)

 
Óxido de fósforo(V)
Nombre IUPAC
Óxido de fósforo(V)
General
Otros nombres Pentóxido de difósforo
Pentaóxido de difósforo
Óxido fosfórico
Fórmula molecular P4O10
Identificadores
Número CAS 1314-56-3[1]
Número RTECS TH3945000
ChEBI 37376
ChemSpider 21428497 14128, 21428497
PubChem 14812
UNII 51SWB7223J
Propiedades físicas
Apariencia Cristales blancos muy higroscópicos
Densidad 2390 kg/; 2,39 g/cm³
Masa molar 283,89 g/mol
Punto de fusión 573,15 K (300 °C)
Punto de ebullición 853,15 K (580 °C)
Peligrosidad
NFPA 704

0
2
2
[2]
Valores en el SI y en condiciones estándar
(25 y 1 atm), salvo que se indique lo contrario.

El compuesto químico óxido de fósforo(V), pentóxido de difósforo, pentaóxido de difósforo u óxido fosfórico, cuya fórmula empírica es P2O5 (141.945 g/mol) y la fórmula molecular P4O10 (283.89 g/mol), es un polvo blanco muy corrosivo y extremadamente higroscópico. Se transporta en envases herméticamente cerrados, y se utiliza para desecar los gases y en síntesis orgánica.

Aproximadamente, su punto de ebullición se encuentra a los 580 °C (unos 853.15 K), y el de fusión, a los 300 °C (unos 573.15 K).[2]​ Tiene una masa molar aproximada de 283,83 g/mol, y una densidad relativa de 2,39 g/cm3.

Existe cristalizado, amorfo y vítreo. La mezcla de estas tres variedades constituye la denominada "nieve fosfórica".[3]

Reacción de hidratación

El óxido de fósforo(V) es muy higroscópico. En presencia de poca agua, la reacción de hidratación de este compuesto conduce a la formación de ácido metafosfórico, un ácido incoloro muy corrosivo.

Riesgos

Ingestión

  • Síntomas: dolor abdominal, diarrea, náuseas, vómitos.
  • Precauciones: no comer, beber ni fumar durante el trabajo.
  • Primeros auxilios: es importante no provocar el vómito, reposar y someterse a atención médica.[2]

Inhalación

  • Síntomas: sensación de quemazón en la nariz y garganta, tos, jadeo, falta de aire
  • Precauciones: ventilación, extracción localizada o protección respiratoria.
  • Primeros auxilios: respirar aire limpio, reposo, respiración artificial si estuviera indicado y someter a atención médica.[2]

Piel

  • Síntomas: enrojecimiento, quemaduras cutáneas, dolor.
  • Precauciones: llevar guantes protectores, traje de protección.
  • Primeros auxilios: aclarar con agua abundante, después quitar la ropa contaminada y aclarar de nuevo y solicitar atención médica.[2]

Ojos

  • Síntomas: enrojecimiento, dolor, quemaduras profundas graves.
  • Precauciones: gafas ajustadas de seguridad o pantalla facial o protección ocular combinada con la protección respiratoria.
  • Primeros auxilios: enjuagar con agua abundante durante varios minutos (quitar las lentes de contacto si puede hacerse así con más facilidad), después consultar a un médico.[2]

Peligros químicos

La solución en agua es un ácido fuerte, reacciona violentamente con bases y es corrosiva. El óxido de fósforo(V) en presencia de agua reacciona con metales formando gases inflamables o venenosos (hidrógeno o fosfina).

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Número CAS
  2. a b c d e f Fichas Internacionales de Seguridad Química. «Pentaóxido de difósforo». Consultado el 10 de mayo de 2011. 
  3. «28.09 Pentóxido de difósforo...». Consultado el 10 de mayo de 2011. 

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