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Mari territory under Zimri-Lim, c. 1767 BCE.

Zimri-Lim was in the Middle Bronze Age the king of Mari (c. 1767–1752 BCE; low chronology).

Background

Family

Zimri-Lim (Akkadian: 𒍣𒅎𒊑𒇷𒅎 Zi-im-ri Li-im)^[1] was the son^[2] or grandson^[3] of king Yahdun-Lim of Mari.

Exile

The assassination of Yahdun-Lim by his own servants during a palace coup, forced Zimri-Lim to flee to the neighboring Great Kingdom of Yamhad (Halab, Aleppo). Mari was occupied by Shamshi-Adad I, the king of Ekallatum, who put his own son Yasmah-Adad on the throne.

Ruler of Alalakh

Zimri-Lim went into exile under Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad, and became the vassal ruler of Alalakh, unable to claim his rightful heritage to the throne of Mari.

Reign

Following the death of Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria (c. 1776/1775 BC; middle chronology), Zimri-Lim was aided by Yarim-Lim I, the Great King of Yamhad, to oust Yasmah-Adad from the throne of Mari.^[4]^[5]^[6]

There is an Akkadian literary text, written in the early years of his reign, entitled The Epic of Zimri-Lim.^[7]

Zimri-Lim ruled Mari for about fifteen years, and campaigned extensively to establish his power in the neighboring areas along the Euphrates and the Khabur valley. He extended the royal palace in the city, which was possibly the largest at the time, containing over 260 rooms at the ground level, and certainly the envy of other kings. It was destroyed by Hammurabi of Babylon.^[8]

Zimri-Lim's personal life is partly known through tablets preserved in the state archive of Mari. He married Shibtu, a princess of Yamkhad (Aleppo and surrounding territory), and is known to have had at least eight daughters through various wives. Several of his daughters were married to rulers of local towns, and two others are known to have become priestesses. Correspondence between the king and his daughters provides evidence that Zimri-Lim thought highly of women and considered them competent at making decisions.

He had a tenuous relationship with kingdom of Andarig, with which he battled and occasionally allied.

He was known for his lavish banquets at which delicacies such as chickpea salad, fried locusts, and large amounts of desert truffle were served.^[9]

Elamite War

He was also active on a wider stage, and for a time (perhaps about 1764 BCE) was allied with Hammurabi in his wars against Elam, Eshnunna, and Larsa.^[10] Zimri-Lim lent troops to Hammurabi's campaigns, and although the two kept extensive diplomatic contacts, it appears they never met in person.

Fall of Mari to Hammurabi of Babylon

After the defeat of Elam, there was no outside force to keep the precarious balance of power between the Kings of Mesopotamia. The alliance between Zimri-Lim and Hammurabi deteriorated after Babylon's conquest of Larsa.^[10] In 1762 BCE, Hammurabi conquered and sacked Mari (though it may be that the city had surrendered without a fight), despite the previous alliance. At this time Zimri-Lim disappears from historical view, and is presumed to have been killed. Terqa becomes the new center of the Kingdom of Hana.

References

^ Burke, Madeleine (1958). "Un nouveau nom d'annee du regne de Zimri-Lim?". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 52 (2): 57–59. JSTOR 23295698.
^ Sasson, J. M. (1998). "The king and I. A Mari king in changing perceptions". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 118 (4): 453–470. doi:10.2307/604782. hdl:1803/3562. JSTOR 604782.
^ Charpin, D. (1992). "Les legendes de sceaux de Mari: Nouvelles Données". In Young, Gordon D. (ed.). Mari in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Mari and Mari Studies. Eisenbrauns. pp. 59–76. ISBN 978-0-931464-28-7.
^ Sasson, Jack M. (December 1984). "Biblical Archaeologist Update: Zimri-Lim Takes the Grand Tour". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (4): 246–251. doi:10.2307/3209907. JSTOR 3209907. S2CID 165833360.
^ Sasson, Jack M. (June 1984). "Thoughts of Zimri-Lim". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (2): 110–120. doi:10.2307/3209891. JSTOR 3209891. S2CID 160052591.
^ Sasson, J. M. (1972). "Zimri-Lim's March to Victory". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 66 (2): 177–178. JSTOR 23295866.
^ Wasserman, Nathan. “On the Author of the Epic of Zimrī-Līm and Its Literary Context.” Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 53, 2015, pp. 52–56
^ Gates, Marie-Henriette. “The Palace of Zimri-Lim at Mari.” The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 47, no. 2, 1984, pp. 70–87
^ Shavit, E. (2008). "Truffles roasting in the evening fires: Pages from the history of desert truffles" (PDF). Fungi. 1 (3): 18–23.
^ ^a ^b Van de Mieroop, Marc (2005). King Hammurabi of Babylon (Third ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 16–78. ISBN 1-4051-2660-4.

Sources

Burke, Madeleine (1958). "Un nouveau nom d'annee du regne de Zimri-Lim?". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 52 (2): 57–59. JSTOR 23295698.
Charpin, D. (1992). "Les legendes de sceaux de Mari: Nouvelles Données". In Young, Gordon D. (ed.). Mari in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Mari and Mari Studies. Eisenbrauns. pp. 59–76. ISBN 978-0-931464-28-7.
Pappi, Cinzia. "Religion and Politics at the Divine Table: The Cultic Travels of Zimrī-Līm". Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Würzburg 20–25 Jul, edited by Gernot Wilhelm, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2022, pp. 579–590
Heimpel, Wolfgang. "2. Reconstruction of Events during Years 9` to 11` of Zimri-Lim’s Reign". Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 37–164
Miglio, Adam E.. "ZIMRI-LIM’S CONDUCT OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS". Tribe and State: The Dynamics of International Politics and the Reign of Zimri-Lim, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2014, pp. 109–186
Sasson, J. M. (1972). "Zimri-Lim's March to Victory". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 66 (2): 177–178. JSTOR 23295866.
Sasson, Jack M. (June 1984). "Thoughts of Zimri-Lim". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (2): 110–120. doi:10.2307/3209891. JSTOR 3209891. S2CID 160052591.
Sasson, Jack M. (December 1984). "Biblical Archaeologist Update: Zimri-Lim Takes the Grand Tour". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (4): 246–251. doi:10.2307/3209907. JSTOR 3209907. S2CID 165833360.
Sasson, Jack M. (October 1998). "The King and I a Mari King in Changing Perceptions". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 118 (4): 453–470. doi:10.2307/604782. hdl:1803/3562. JSTOR 604782.
Van de Mieroop, Marc (2005). King Hammurabi of Babylon (Third ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 16–78. ISBN 1-4051-2660-4.
[1] Válek, František, "The Epic of Zimrī-Lîm.", Masters Dissertation, Czech Institute of Egyptology, Univerzita Karlova, Filozofická fakulta, 2022.