Hawass was born in a small village near Damietta, Egypt. Although he originally dreamed of becoming an attorney,[1] he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Greek and Roman Archaeology from Alexandria University in 1967. In 1979, Hawass earned a diploma in Egyptology from Cairo University.[2] He then worked at the Great Pyramids as an inspector—a combination of administrator and archaeologist.
Hawass was Associate Director of Excavation at Hermopolis in 1968 and Tarrana 1970–74. Since 1975, he has been Excavation Director and Restoration Director at various sites throughout Egypt, predominantly Giza.[5]
From 1969 to 1975, Hawass was Inspector of Antiquities for a multitude of archaeological expeditions, for instance the Yale Expedition at Abydos, Egypt in 1969, and Abu Simbel between 1972 and 1974.[6]
He sporadically taught Egyptian archaeology and history and culture at universities in Egypt and the USA between 1988 and 2001, most notably at the American University in Cairo, the University of California, Los Angeles and Alexandria University. Hawass has described his efforts as trying to help institute a systematic program for the preservation and restoration of historical monuments, while training Egyptians to improve their expertise on methods of excavation, retrieval and preservation.[7]
Hawass was Inspector of Antiquities for Giza 1972–74, First Inspector until 1979 and Chief Inspector in 1980. Starting in 1987, he held the position of Director General of the Giza monuments, which included the sites of Giza, Saqqara, Memphis, Dahshur, Abusir and Bahariya Oasis.
After the discovery of Gantenbrink's Door in 1993, he left the position – according to Hawass, a resignation[8] – but was reinstated several months later, following a change in leadership and the transformation of the Egyptian Antiquities Organization into the Supreme Council of Antiquities.
He was promoted to Undersecretary of the State for the Giza Monuments in 1998.[9]
Hawass continues to be involved in archaeological projects at Giza and other sites in Egypt. As of 2017[update], he headed the science committee overseeing the ScanPyramids project.[10]
Politics
In 2002, Hawass was appointed as the Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. When US President Barack Obama visited Cairo in June 2009, Hawass gave him personal tours of ancient Egyptian archaeological sites.[11] Facing mandatory retirement, he was promoted by President Hosni Mubarak to the post of Vice Minister of Culture at the end of 2009.[12][13]
2011 protest vandalism
On January 29, 2011, in the midst of the Egyptian protests of that year, Hawass arrived at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo to find that a number of cases had been broken into and a number of antiquities damaged, so police were brought in to secure the museum.[14] According to Andrew Lawler, reporting for Science, Hawass said that he "faxed a colleague in Italy that 13 cases were destroyed. My heart is broken and my blood is boiling".[15]
Hawass later told The New York Times that thieves looking for gold broke 70 objects, including two sculptures of the pharaoh Tutankhamun and took two skulls from a research lab, before being stopped as they left the museum.[16]
Minister of Antiquities
Hawass was appointed to the position of Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, a newly created cabinet post, by Mubarak on January 31, 2011, as part of a cabinet shake-up during the 2011 protests.[15][16][17][dead link] A press release including a statement from Hawass stated that he "will continue excavating, writing books, and representing his country,"[18] ensuring that archaeological sites in Egypt were being safeguarded and looted objects returned.[citation needed] Regarding the Egyptian Museum looting, he said: "The museum was dark and the nine robbers did not recognise the value of what was in the vitrines. They opened thirteen cases, threw the seventy objects on the ground and broke them, including one Tutankhamun case, from which they broke the statue of the king on a panther. However, the broken objects can all be restored, and we will begin the restoration process this week."[This quote needs a citation][17] Hawass rejected comparisons with the looting of antiquities in Iraq and Afghanistan.[16]
On February 13, Mahmoud Kassem of Bloomberg reported Hawass as saying that "18 artifacts, including statues of King Tutankhamun", were stolen from the Egyptian Museum in January; Kassem, paraphrasing Hawass, continues: "The missing objects include 11 wooden shabti statuettes from Yuya, a gilded wooden statue of Tutankhamun carried by a goddess and a statue of Nefertiti making offerings".[19]
Egyptian state television reported that Hawass called upon Egyptians not to believe the “lies and fabrications” of the Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya satellite television channels.[20] Hawass later said: “They should give us the opportunity to change things, and if nothing happens they can march again. But you can’t bring in a new president now, in this time. We need Mubarak to stay and make the transition”.[16] On March 3, 2011, he resigned after a list was posted on his personal website of dozens of sites across Egypt that were looted during the 2011 protests.[21][22][23][24][25]
Hawass was reappointed Minister of Antiquities by then-Prime Minister Essam Sharaf.[26][27] On March 30, 2011, a tweet was posted, stating: "I am very happy to be the Minister of Antiquities once again!"[28] but resigned on July 17, 2011,[citation needed] after Sharaf informed him he would not be continuing in the position.[29] According to opinion report from an Egyptian commentator in The Guardian, Hawass was "sacked".[30][dubious – discuss][better source needed]
As his biography at the National Geographic Explorers webpage notes, he states that he is
responsible for many recent discoveries, including the tombs of the pyramid builders at Giza and the Valley of the Golden Mummies at Bahariya. At Giza, he also uncovered the satellite pyramid of Khufu. In 2005, as part of the National Geographic Society-sponsored Egyptian Mummy Project to learn more about patterns of disease, health, and mortality in ancient Egypt, he led a team that CT scanned the mummy of King Tutankhamun. His team is continuing to CT scan mummies, both royal and private, and hopes to solve some of the mysteries surrounding the lives and deaths of such important figures as Hatshepsut and Nefertiti.[31]
Appearances
Speaking at the International Congress of Egyptologists in Cairo, November 2019
Hawass also worked alongside Egyptologist Otto Schaden during the opening of Tomb KV63 in February 2006 – the first intact tomb to be found in the Valley of the Kings since 1922.[34]
In June 2007, Hawass announced that he and a team of experts may have identified the mummy of Hatshepsut,[35] in KV60, a small tomb in the Valley of the Kings.[citation needed] The opening of the sealed tomb was described in 2006 as "one of the most important events in the Valley of the Kings for almost a hundred years."[36]
Hawass was interviewed about his work by Keith Floyd as part of his television series Floyd around the Med in the episode "Cairo, Egypt and Aswan to Luxor" (2000).
In July 2003, the Egyptians requested the return of the Rosetta Stone from the British Museum. Hawass, then serving as Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Cairo, spoke at a press conference saying: "If the British want to be remembered, if they want to restore their reputation, they should volunteer to return the Rosetta Stone because it is the icon of our Egyptian identity".[37][38] Referring to Egyptian antiquities at the British Museum, Hawass said: "These are Egyptian monuments. I will make life miserable for anyone who keeps them".[39]
In 2019, Hawass relaunched his restitution campaign, asking the Berlin State Museums, the British Museum and the Musée du Louvre: “How can you refuse to lend to the new Grand Egyptian Museum when you have taken so many antiquities from Egypt?" All three museums refused his loan requests.[40]
In 2022, Hawass launched another petition, calling once again for the return of the Rosetta Stone, the bust of Nefertiti and the Dendera Zodiac ceiling to Egypt.[41][40]
Hawass has been skeptical of the DNA testing of Egyptian mummies: "From what I understand," he has said, "it is not always accurate and it cannot always be done with complete success when dealing with mummies. Until we know for sure that it is accurate, we will not use it in our research."[42]
In December 2000, a joint team from Waseda University in Japan and Cairo's Ain Shams University tried to get permission for DNA testing of Egyptian mummies, but was denied by the Egyptian Government.[43] Hawass stated at the time that DNA analysis was out of the question because it would not lead to anything.[44]
In February 2010, Hawass and his team announced that they had analyzed the mummies of Tutankhamun and ten other mummies and said that the king could have died from a malaria infection that followed a leg fracture.[45] German researchers Christian Timmann and Christian Meyer have cast doubt on this theory, suggesting other possible alternatives for Tutankhamun's cause of death.[46]
A 2020 study by Gad, Hawass, et al. analysed mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups from Tutankhamun's family members of the 18th Dynasty, using comprehensive control procedures to ensure quality results. The study found that the Y-chromosome haplogroup of the family was R1b. Haplogroup R1b is carried by modern Egyptians. Modern Egypt is also the only African country that is known to harbor all three R1 subtypes, including R1b-M269. While mitochondrial linage was found to be on K and H2b, both haplogroups did not originate in Africa yet it exists in both Ancient and Modern Egyptians.[48]
On Afrocentrism
Hawass refutes Afrocentrist Claims of Ancient Egyptian history, he explained “We are not against Black people at all, but we are against this group that entered the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir to announce ideas that have no basis in truth and are fantasies”, that after a group of Afrocentric travel group was founded to be falsifying history in the Egyptian Museum.[49] he added "“There is a very important fact Afrocentrists need to know: the depictions on Egyptian temples from the Old Kingdom to the end of the Late Period show the King of Egypt and in front of him are captives from Africa, Libya, Syria, and Palestine,” he said referring to Ramses III Prisoner tiles among other evidence that show the difference between Egyptians and their neighbors.
Following Netflix's Cleopatra controversy, Hawas appeared in a 90-minute documentary "Cleopatra", released on director Curtis Ryan Woodside's YouTube channel, describes itself as telling the "true" story of the Ptolemaic dynasty's last ruler. "Was Cleopatra black? First of all, I have nothing against black people at all, but I am stating the facts -- look at the Macedonian queens, none of them were black", Hawass, says in the documentary.[50] Yet he criticized the lawsuit against Netflix over the film stating “We can’t make a case against the Netflix platform, because we will definitely lose as they have the right to broadcast as long as it is a matter of freedom of opinion, and we can make a movie that overshadows everything they did.. but our case against them will not be successful.” he also pointed out, “Two years ago, Mostafa Waziri (the Supreme Council of Antiquities) and I worked with the Netflix platform on the archaeological discoveries in Saqqara, and the film has been translated into 129 languages and will be released soon. They broadcast all the work.”[51]
In 2023, after ending his lecture about ancient Egypt at Columbus, Ohio, Zahi Hawass asked the audience whether they have any questions. An Afro-American woman stood up and asked: “Why do you attack us?”. He said “When the woman asked me this question, I replied, ‘No I didn’t attack you, but let’s discuss the evidence that refutes the claim of ancient Egypt’s black African origins’,” and he went on explaining and providing evidence that Ancient Egyptian civilization is Egyptian made not African made, “African countries and Egypt share the same Nile. But the ancient Egyptian civilization occurred here in Egypt, not in any other African country,” said Hawass “The granite came from Aswan, diorite from Nubia, sandstone from Kom Ombo, alabaster from Het-Nub in Middle Egypt, white limestone from Tura, basalt from Fayoum and turquoise and copper from Sinai. Egypt also has plenty of gold,” he explained.[52]
Aliens and the Pyramids
Hawas criticized a tweet by US billionaire Elon Musk claiming that aliens built the pyramids, he stated in TV interview that that studying ancient Egyptian civilization provides a comprehensive understanding of its secrets. “Elon Musk’s comment on the pyramids indicates his lack of knowledge about the history of Egyptian civilization,” he said. He noted that there are those who spread false rumors about ancient Egyptian civilization to gain attention, stressing: “Anyone who doubts Egyptian civilization, I will confront them. I am holding a stick for anyone who spreads these false rumors.”[53] Hawas often refer to Merer Papyrus and Tombs of pyramids builders as the biggest evidence on the fact that the pyramids were built by Egyptian workers.
Biblical and Quranic stories
Hawass said that the archeology and antiquities do not contain proof that Moses or Joseph living in Egypt or the exodus of the Israelites from it. he said, “I am a Muslim who believes that our Master Moses lived in Egypt and that the exodus occurred from Egypt, But on the other hand, is there evidence in the antiquities that prove this?” the answer is no".[54] Hawass also asserted that there is no archeological evidence confirming the identity of the pharaoh who ruled during the arrival of the Prophets Moses and Joseph to Egypt, adding that information currently available on the issue is limited to guesses and speculation.[55]
Controversies
Relationships with other archaeologists
Hawass has been accused of domineering behaviour, forbidding archaeologists to announce their own findings and courting the media for his own gain after they were denied access to archaeological sites because, according to Hawass, they were too amateurish.[56] A few, however, have said in interviews that some of what Hawass has done for the field was long overdue.[56] Hawass has typically ignored or dismissed his critics and, when asked about it, he indicated that what he does is for the sake of Egypt and the preservation of its antiquities.[57]
Views on Jews and Israel
Hawass has been a long-standing opponent of normalised relations between Israel and Egypt.[58] In January 2009, Hawass wrote in Asharq Al-Awsat: "The concept of killing women, children, and elderly people ... seems to run in the blood of the Jews of Palestine" and that "the only thing that the Jews have learned from history is methods of tyranny and torment—so much so that they have become artists in this field." He explained that he was not referring to the Jews' "[original] faith" but rather "the faith that they forged and contaminated with their poison, which is aimed against all of mankind."[59] In an interview on Egyptian television in April 2009, Hawass stated that "although Jews are few in number, they control the entire world" and commented on the "control they have" of the American economy and the media.[60][61][62] He later wrote that he was using rhetoric to explain political fragmentation among the Arabs, and that he does not believe in a "Jewish conspiracy to control the world".[63]
Nevertheless, Zahi Hawass aided the Egyptian government on renovating an old dilapidated synagogue in what was once a Jewish neighborhood in Old Cairo, stating: "If you don't restore the Jewish synagogues, you lose part of your history."[64]
Aftermath of 2011 protests
Criticism of Hawass, in Egypt and more broadly, increased following the protests in Egypt in 2011. On July 12, 2011, The New York Times reported that Hawass receives an honorarium each year "of as much as $200,000 from National Geographic to be an explorer-in-residence even as he controls access to the ancient sites it often features in its reports."[65] The Times also reported that he has relationships with two American companies that do business in Egypt.[65]
On April 17, 2011, Hawass was sentenced to jail for one year for refusing to obey a court ruling[66] relating to a contract for the gift shop at the Egyptian Museum to a company with links to Hawass.[65] The ruling was appealed and this specific sentence was suspended pending appeal.[66][67] The following day, the National Council of Egypt's Administrative Court issued a decree to overturn the court's original ruling, specifying that he would serve no jail time, and would instead remain in his position as Minister of Antiquities. The jail sentence was lifted after a new contract was solicited for the running of the gift shop.[65][68]
Association with Mubarak
As Minister of Antiquities, Hawass was closely associated with the government of former President Hosni Mubarak. His resignation as minister on March 3, 2011, and his re-appointment to the Ministry on March 30, 2011, have been seen as part of the overall events surrounding Mubarak's resignation. It was reported that his re-appointment angered numerous factions, who opposed the appointment of any of the old guard under Mubarak to new positions in the government.[69] The 2011 Egyptian protests resulted in increased criticism of Hawass. Demonstrators called for his resignation, and the upheaval increased attention on his relationship with the Mubarak family and the way in which he has increased his public profile in recent years.[65]
Commercial endeavours
Hawass has lent his name to a line of men's apparel, described by The New York Times as "a line of rugged khakis, denim shirts and carefully worn leather jackets that are meant, according to the catalog copy, to hark "back to Egypt’s golden age of discovery in the early 20th century"; the clothing was first sold at Harrods department store in London, in April 2011.[66] Critics say the Hawass clothing commercializes Egyptian history, and objected to their understanding that "models had sat on or scuffed priceless ancient artifacts during the photo shoot", an accusation that was denied by Hawass and the clothing manufacturers.[66] Hawass already sells a line of Stetson hats reproducing the ones he wears, which "very much resemble" the ones worn by Harrison Ford in the Indiana Jones movies.[66]
Zahi Hawass receives the Grand Prize of the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Culture (2018).
Personal life
Hawas is married to Fekrya Hawas, a gynecologist whom he met in 1967. they have two grown sons, one a physician, the other a restaurateur, both living in Cairo.[70][71]
He was a close friend with actor Omar Sharif and accompanied him in his final days until his death in 2015. in 2020, Hawas posted an Instagram post remembering his friend "yesterday I remembered my dear friend Omar El-Sherif who was born on April 10th. We used to celebrate together and I would sing for him the song by Marilyn Monroe celebrating the birthday of President JF Kennedy and he would sing the same song to me on my birthday."[72]
Hawas was a friend of Jehan Sadat, the former First Lady of Egypt. Hawas and Sadat organized "private tour of the country’s pharaonic sites" for guests[73] for years until her death in 2021, "Her charisma was electrifying to an extent that when she spoke the audience would be so silent you could hear a pin drop" Hawas said remembering her.[74]
Honors and awards
Hawass is the recipient of the Egyptian state award of the first degree for his work in the Sphinx restoration project.[75] In 2001, he was silver medallist offered by the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.[76] In 2002, he was awarded the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate and the glass obelisk from US scholars for his efforts to the protection and preservation of Ancient Egyptian monuments.[75][77] In 2003, Hawass was given international membership in the Russian Academy for Natural Sciences (RANS)[75] and, in 2006, he was chosen as one of the world's 100 most influential people by Time.[75] In 2015, he was awarded the Golden Memorial Medal of Charles University.[78] In 2018, he was awarded by the Academia Brasileira de Letras for being the only archaeologist who wrote more than 30 books.[79] In the same year, he received the Presidential Medal of the Republic of Kosovo in recognition for his entire academic output.[80] Also in 2018, he received the grand prize of the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Culture.[81] In 2022, he received the plaque of honour from the Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences of Cairo.[82]
Tutankhamun: The Mystery of the Boy King, London, ed. National Geographic Society, 2005
The Island of Kalabsha, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press, 2005
How The Great Pyramid Was Built, Washington, D.C., ed. Smithsonian Books, 2004
Curse of the Pharaohs: My Adventures With Mummies, London, ed. National Geographic Society, 2004
Hidden Treasures of Ancient Egypt: Unearthing the Masterpieces of Egyptian History, London, ed. National Geographic Society, Londres, 2004
The Golden Age of Tutankhamun: Divine Might and Splendor in the New Kingdom, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press, 2004
Cradle & Crucible: History and Faith in the Middle East, avec David Fromkin et Milton Viorst, London, ed. National Geographic Society, 2004
Tesoros de las Piramides, Washington, D.C., ed. Grupo Oceano, 2004
The Treasures of the Pyramids, London, ed. White Star, 2003
Egyptian Museum Collections Around the World: Studies for the Centennial of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press, 2003
Secrets from the Sand: My Search for Egypt's Past, New York, ed. Harry N. Abrams, 2003
Bibliotheca Alexandrina: The Archaeology Museum, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press, 2003
Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: History, Religion: Proceedings of the Eighth International, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press, 2003
Hidden Treasures of the Egyptian Museum: One Hundred Masterpieces Form the Centennial Exhibition, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press, 2003
Fantasy Literature for Children and Young Adults (with Pamela S. Gates), Washington, D.C., ed. Scarecrow Press, 2003
The Mysteries of Abu Simbel: Ramesses II and the Temples of the Rising Sun, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press, 2001
Valley of the Golden Mummies: The Greatest Egyptian Discovery Since Tutankhamun, London, ed. Virgin Books, 2000
The Egyptian Monuments: Problems and Solutions, Berlin, ed. Gruyter, 1995
Silent Images: Women in Pharaonic Egypt, Cultural Development Fund, Ministry of Culture, 1995
The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Khafra and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Pennsylvania, ed. University of Pennsylvania, 1987
^ abLawler, Andrew (2011). "Archaeologists Hold Their Breaths on Status of Egyptian Antiquities"(online). Science. No. January 31. Washington, DC, USA: AAAS. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016. The current political upheaval in Egypt has put the country's famed antiquities, from its museums to archaeological sites, under siege. / On 29 January, a small band of looters entered Cairo's Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, slicing the heads from two mummies, smashing display cases, and damaging other artifacts, according to media reports and Zahi Hawass, the director of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. Hawass, who a source says has been promoted to the new position of Minister of Antiquities as part of a cabinet shakeup yesterday, faxed a colleague in Italy that 13 cases were destroyed. "My heart is broken and my blood is boiling," the U.S.-trained archaeologist lamented.
^ abcdTaylor, Kate (2011). "Middle East: Antiquities Chief Says Sites Are Largely Secure"(online). The New York Times. No. February 1. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016. A vast majority of Egypt's museums and archaeological sites are secure and have not been looted, Zahi Hawass, Egypt's chief antiquities official, said in a telephone interview on Tuesday. He also rejected comparisons between the current situation in Egypt and scenes of chaos and discord that resulted in the destruction of artifacts in Iraq and Afghanistan. / 'People are asking me, "Do you think Egypt will be like Afghanistan?" ' he said. 'And I say, "No, Egyptians are different — they love me because I protect antiquities." '
^Kassem, Mahmoud (2011). "Egyptian Museum Says Two King Tut Statues Missing". Bloomberg Business (February 13). Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016. The Egyptian Museum reported that 18 artifacts, including statues of King Tutankhamun, are missing after a break-in last month, said Zahi Hawass, the head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. / The police and army are following up on the disappearances with people in custody, Hawass said on his website. The missing objects include 11 wooden shabti statuettes from Yuya, a gilded wooden statue of Tutankhamun carried by a goddess and a statue of Nefertiti making offerings, according to Hawass.
^Fahim, Kareem (2011). "Middle East: State TV in Egypt Offers Murky Window Into Power Shift"(online). The New York Times. No. February 1. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016. As hundreds of Egyptian protesters filled Tahrir Square on Monday, many calling for their president to go into exile, one of the two state-owned television stations had its cameras focused elsewhere, capturing the steady flow of traffic on a Cairo bridge. … The channel announced that Zahi Hawass, the chairman of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, had called on Egyptian citizens not to believe the 'lies and fabrications' of Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya channels. Mr. Hawass was back on the air on Monday, when he was appointed to Mr. Mubarak's cabinet.
^El-Aref, Nevine (2011). "Hawass Loyalists Call for Him to Stay On"(online). USA Today (March 6). Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2016. Demonstrations of Egyptian Archaeologists Call for Egypt's New Prime Minister to Persuade Zahi Hawass to Remain Minister for Antiquities.
^Hawas, Zahi (2011). "Dr Zahi Hawass (@ZahiHawass) [6:47 AM – 30 Mar]". self. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016. "Verbatim and complete: I am very happy to be the Minister of Antiquities once again!
^National Geographic Staff [Z. Hawass] (2016). "Explorers, Bio: Zahi Hawass, Archaeologist, Explorer-in-Residence, 2000–2011". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original(online) on October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2016. World-renowned archaeologist Zahi Hawass serves as minister of state for antiquities and director of excavations at Giza, Saqqara, and the Bahariya Oasis. / He is responsible for many recent discoveries, including the tombs of the pyramid builders at Giza and the Valley of the Golden Mummies at Bahariya. At Giza, he also uncovered the satellite pyramid of Khufu. In 2005, as part of the National Geographic Society-sponsored Egyptian Mummy Project to learn more about patterns of disease, health, and mortality in ancient Egypt, he led a team that CT scanned the mummy of King Tutankhamun. His team is continuing to CT scan mummies, both royal and private, and hopes to solve some of the mysteries surrounding the lives and deaths of such important figures as Hatshepsut and Nefertiti.
^Roberts, Michelle (2010). "'Malaria and Weak Bones' May Have Killed Tutankhamun"(online). BBC News (February 16). Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016. The Egyptian "boy king" Tutankhamun may well have died of malaria after the disease ravaged a body crippled by a rare bone disorder, experts say. / The findings could lay to rest conspiracy theories of murder. [Announcement of results only; no scientific journal referenced).
^Timmann, Christian & Christian G. Meyer (2010). "Malaria, Mummies, Mutations: Tutankhamun's Archaeological Autopsy". Trop. Med. Int. Health. 15 (11, November): 1278–1280. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02614.x. PMID20723182. S2CID9019947. Abstract: The cause of death of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun has now for decades been matter of speculation and various hypotheses. A recent article in… JAMA... provided new evidence and suggested malaria, together with Köhler's disease, as the most probable cause of death of the boy king. We are sceptical towards this elucidation of the cause of death… and discuss alternative and differential diagnoses, among them, …sickle cell disease and Gauche's disease.
^Hawass, Zahi; Somaia Ismail; Ashraf Selim; Sahar N. Saleem; Dina Fathalla; Sally Wasef; Ahmed Z. Gad; Rama Saad; Suzan Fares; Hany Amer; Paul Gostner; Yehia Z. Gad; Carsten M. Pusch & Albert R. Zink (2012). "Revisiting the Harem Conspiracy and Death of Ramesses III: Anthropological, Forensic, Radiological, and Genetic Study"(online). The British Medical Journal. 345 (December 17): e8268. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8268. hdl:10072/62081. PMID23247979. S2CID206896841. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2016. quote = "Abstract. Objective: To investigate the true character of the harem conspiracy described in the Judicial Papyrus of Turin and determine whether Ramesses III was indeed killed. / Design Anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study of the mummies of Ramesses III and unknown man E, found together and taken from the 20th dynasty of ancient Egypt (circa 1190–1070 BC). / Results Computed tomography scans revealed a deep cut in Ramesses III's throat, probably made by a sharp knife. During the mummification process, a Horus eye amulet was inserted in the wound for healing purposes, and the neck was covered by a collar of thick linen layers. / Forensic examination of unknown man E showed compressed skin folds around his neck and a thoracic inflation. Unknown man E also had an unusual mummification procedure. According to genetic analyses, both mummies had identical haplotypes of the Y chromosome and a common male lineage. / Conclusions This study suggests that Ramesses III was murdered during the harem conspiracy by the cutting of his throat. Unknown man E is a possible candidate as Ramesses III's son Pentawere. … [Specifically] Genetic kinship analyses revealed identical haplotypes in both mummies… using the Whit Athey's haplogroup predictor, we determined the Y chromosomal haplogroup [to be] E1b1a.
^ abWaxman, Sharon (2005). "Art & Design: The Show-Biz Pharaoh of Egypt's Antiquities"(online). The New York Times. No. June 13. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016. The King Tut exhibition set to open on June 16 in Los Angeles, bringing the boy king's treasures to the United States for the first time in a quarter-century, is in just about every sense a reflection of Zahi Hawass, the man who made the show possible. / Dr. Hawass, who controls Egypt's vast archaeological trove as secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, is part Indiana Jones, part P.T. Barnum – intent on dusting off Egypt's holdings through a mix of entertainment, commerce and archaeology.
^ abcdeTaylor, Kate (2011). "Middle East: Revolution Dims Star Power of Egypt's Antiquities Chief"(print, online). The New York Times. No. July 12. p. A1ff. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016. Until recently Zahi Hawass, Egypt's antiquities minister, was a global symbol of Egyptian national pride. A famous archaeologist in an Indiana Jones hat, he was virtually unassailable in the old Egypt, protected by his success in boosting tourism, his efforts to reclaim lost artifacts and his closeness to the country's first lady, Suzanne Mubarak. / But the revolution changed all that. / Now demonstrators in Cairo are calling for his resignation as the interim government faces disaffected crowds in Tahrir Square.
^ abcdeTaylor, Kate (2011). "Art & Design: Using History to Sell Clothes? Don't Try It With the Pharaohs"(online). The New York Times. No. April 18. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2016. Zahi Hawass, Egypt's longtime chief antiquities official, has been criticized in recent months for many things: his closeness to former President Hosni Mubarak, some inconsistent reports on the safety of archaeological sites during the uprising and for his role in a dispute over an Egyptian museum bookstore, for which he now possibly faces jail time. / But the source of the latest controversy to beset Mr. Hawass resembles something straight from the mouth of J. Peterman, the character on 'Seinfeld' based on the clothing catalog retailer of the same name. / Mr. Hawass has lent his name to a men's wear brand: a line of rugged khakis, denim shirts and carefully worn leather jackets that are meant, according to the catalog copy, to hark 'back to Egypt's golden age of discovery in the early 20th century.'
^"Remembering Jehan Sadat". The Cairo Review of Global Affairs. November 5, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2025.
^ abcdNevine El Aref (May 4–10, 2006). "He made it in Time". Al Ahram Weekly. 793. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
^Pendry, Cheryl (2008). "King Tut and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs: Exhibition: London". PassPorter (May 29). Archived from the original(online) on September 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016. It's amazing to think how the story of a boy king, who ruled for only about a decade thousands of years ago, still attracts the interest of millions of people, but that's exactly what's happened with Tutankhamun. / Known more fondly these days as King Tut, which may have something to do with a struggle to spell his full name, an exhibition of the wonders found with him in his final resting place is once again touring the world. / When the exhibit first went on tour in the 1970s, the exhibition set records for the numbers of people who passed through the doors at various venues around the world to see it. It was last in London at the British Museum in 1972 – the year I was born – so when I heard it would be returning to the city, I figured this could be our once in a lifetime opportunity to see it. / The exhibition is made up of 11 galleries… Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs is open at the O2 Dome in London from now until August 30, 2008. Its next stop will be in Dallas, Texas, where the exhibition will open on October 3, 2008.
Garuda TV SurabayaPT Bama Berita Sarana TelevisiSurabaya, Jawa TimurIndonesiaSaluranDigital: 38 UHFVirtual: 103SloganBersama Anda Untuk IndonesiaPemrogramanAfiliasiGaruda TVKepemilikanPemilikDigdaya Media NusantaraRiwayatSiaran perdana24 Mei 2008 (2008-05-24) (sebagai BBS TV)1 Oktober 2015 (2015-10-01) (sebagai BIOSTV)30 Agustus 2017 (2017-08-30) (diluncurkan ulang sebagai BBS TV)5 Agustus 2023 (2023-08-05) (sebagai Garuda TV Surabaya)Bekas tanda panggilBBS TV (2008-2015, ...
USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7) Sejarah Amerika Serikat Nama Mount McKinleyPasang lunas 31 Juli 1943Diluncurkan 27 September 1943Mulai berlayar 1 Mei 1944Dipensiunkan 26 Maret 1970Dicoret 30 Juli 1976Nasib Dijual pada 1979 Ciri-ciri umum Kelas dan jenis kapal komando kelas-Mount McKinleyBerat benaman 12,550 tonPanjang 459 ft 2 in (139,95 m)Lebar 63 ft (19 m)Sarat air 25 ft (7,6 m)Kecepatan 15 knot (28 km/h)Awak kapal 664Senjata 1 × meriam kaliber 5 in ...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) بوقه - قرية - تقسيم إداري البلد اليمن المحافظة محافظة صنعاء المديرية مديرية بلاد الروس السك
Škoda a.s. Logo Rechtsform Akciová společnost Gründung 1859 Auflösung 17. August 2001 Auflösungsgrund aufgelöst in Sparten Sitz Pilsen (Plzeň),Tschechien Tschechien Branche Maschinenbau Škoda (Aussprache: [Schkodda], [ˈʃkɔda], anhörenⓘ/?) wurde 1859 als Maschinenbauunternehmen gegründet und entwickelte sich zu einem diversifizierten Mischkonzern. Škoda hatte seinen Sitz in Pilsen (Plzeň) in Böhmen. Der ursprüngliche Konzern Škoda wurde nach der Samtenen Revolution 19...
ChamJenis aksara Abugida BahasaChamPeriodeabad ke-8–sekarangArah penulisanKiri ke kananAksara terkaitSilsilahMenurut hipotesis hubungan antara abjad Aramea dengan Brahmi, maka silsilahnya sebagai berikut: Abjad Proto-Sinai Abjad Fenisia Abjad Aramea Aksara Brahmi Dari aksara Brahmi diturunkanlah:Aksara GranthaChamISO 15924ISO 15924Cham, 358 , ChamPengkodean UnicodeNama UnicodeChamRentang UnicodeU+AA00–U+AA5F Artikel ini mengandung transkripsi fonetik dalam Alfabet F...
1995 compilation album by Various artistsAfro-Peruvian Classics: The Soul of Black PeruCompilation album by Various artistsReleasedMay 30, 1995RecordedVarious TimesGenreMúsica criollaLabelLuaka BopCompilerDavid Byrne Afro-Peruvian Classics: The Soul of Black Peru is a 1995 album. The album was compiled by David Byrne (of the band Talking Heads), and was one of the first international releases of Afro-Peruvian music. Track listing Maria Lando (Landó) – Susana Baca Yo No Soy Ja...
بَحْرُ المُطَّرِدِ بحر مهملمن بحور دائرة المشتبه الدائرة دائرة المشتبه النوع بحر مركّب الخصائص الوزن فَاعِلاتُنْ مَفَاعِيلُنْ مَفَاعِيلُنْ ••• فَاعِلاتُنْ مَفَاعِيلُنْ مَفَاعِيلُنْ أصل التفعيلات فَاعِلاتُنْ مَفَاعِيلُنْ مَفَاعِيلُنْ × 2 المفتاح وَاطَّرِدْ لَ...
For other uses, see Montereau (disambiguation). Commune in Île-de-France, FranceMontereau-Fault-YonneCommuneBridges over rivers Seine (foreground), Yonne (background) and statue of Napoléon Coat of armsLocation of Montereau-Fault-Yonne Montereau-Fault-YonneShow map of FranceMontereau-Fault-YonneShow map of Île-de-France (region)Coordinates: 48°23′07″N 2°57′03″E / 48.3853°N 2.9508°E / 48.3853; 2.9508CountryFranceRegionÎle-de-FranceDepartmentSeine-et-Marn...
2013 Canadian filmNoahFilm posterDirected byWalter WoodmanPatrick CederbergWritten byWalter WoodmanPatrick CederbergProduced byWalter WoodmanPatrick CederbergMatthew HornickStarringSam KantorCaitlin McConkey-PirieNina IordanovaEdited byPatrick CederbergRelease date September 2013 (2013-09) (TIFF) Running time17 minutesCountryCanadaLanguageEnglish Noah is a Canadian short drama film, released in 2013.[1] Written and directed by Walter Woodman and Patrick Cederberg as a cl...
Péronnas Péronnas (Frankreich) Staat Frankreich Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Département (Nr.) Ain (01) Arrondissement Bourg-en-Bresse Kanton Bourg-en-Bresse-2 Gemeindeverband Bassin de Bourg-en-Bresse Koordinaten 46° 11′ N, 5° 12′ O46.1794444444445.2033333333333Koordinaten: 46° 11′ N, 5° 12′ O Höhe 223–277 m Fläche 17,55 km² Einwohner 6.460 (1. Januar 2020) Bevölkerungsdichte 368 Einw./km² Postleitzahl 01960 INSEE-C...
1996 live album by NumbKoroLive album by NumbReleased1996 (1996)RecordedDecember 2 – December 3, 1995 (1995-12-03)StudioShelter & The Loft (Tokyo, JP)GenreElectro-industrialLength65:47LabelGiftNumb chronology Wasted Sky(1994) Koro(1996) Blood Meridian(1997) Koro is a live album by Numb, released in 1996 by Gift Records.[1] Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[2] Jason Ankeny of AllMusic awarded Koro three out of five...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Indori fort – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Indori Fortभुईकोट किल्ला इंदोरीPune district, Maharashtra Indori FortIndori FortShow map of Mahara...
Partai Punjabi Malaysia Ketua umumDr. Susheel Kaur[1]Dibentuk1986Kantor pusatParti Punjabi Malaysia, Tingkat 3, Bangunan TWU, Box 'C' 21, Jalan Barat, 46200 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Partai Punjabi Malaysia atau Punjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM) adalah sebuah partai politik yang didirikan pada tahun 1986[2] tetapi hanya dapat didaftarkan pada 2003[3] untuk menjaga kepentingan kaum minoritas masyarakat Sikh keturunan Punjabi kaum India di Malaysia. Ia telah berusaha menari...
British mathematician and botanist Hiernia angolensis named in honour of Hiern William Philip Hiern FRS FLS (19 January 1839, in Stafford – 28 November 1925, in Barnstaple)[1] was a British mathematician and botanist.[2] Life Hiern attended St. John's College, Cambridge, from 1857 to 1861 and attained a first class degree in mathematics. Later, in 1886, he attended Oxford University. Upon his marriage he moved to Surrey and developed an interest in botany. In 1881, Hiern...
School district in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States West Deptford High SchoolWest Deptford High School, July 2009Address1600 Old Crown Point RoadWest Deptford Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey 08093United StatesCoordinates39°51′23″N 75°09′42″W / 39.856401°N 75.16177°W / 39.856401; -75.16177InformationTypePublic high schoolMottoBuilding Excellence and Success Through TeamworkEstablished1960School districtWest Deptford Public SchoolsNCES Sch...
Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1635 Great Colonial hurricane Meteorological historyFormedAugust 1635 (1635-08)DissipatedAugust 25, 1635 (1635-08-26)Category 4 hurricane1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)Highest winds130 mph (215 km/h)Lowest pressure≤930 mbar (hPa); ≤27.46 inHgOverall effectsFatalities46+ directAreas affectedVirginia, Long Island, New England, other areas? (Information scarce)Part of the 1635 Atlantic hurricane season The Great Colonial Hurr...
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quot...
For the other Dukes of Orléans named Philip or Philippe, see Philippe d'Orléans (disambiguation). Duke of Orléans PhilipDuke of OrléansArms of Philip, Duke of OrléansBorn1 July 1336VincennesDied1 September 1375(1375-09-01) (aged 39)OrléansSpouse Blanche of France (m. 1345)IssueLouis d'Orléans (illegitimate)HouseValoisFatherPhilip VI of FranceMotherJoan the Lame Philip of Orléans (1 July 1336 – 1 September 1375) was a Duke of Orléans, Touraine, an...
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A hexafluoride is a chemical compound with the general formula QXnF6, QXnF6m−,...
