ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression. A ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed. The ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms, though DEFLATE is the most common. This format was originally created in 1989 and was first implemented in PKWARE, Inc.'s PKZIP utility,[2] as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson. The ZIP format was then quickly supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP. Microsoft has included built-in ZIP support (under the name "compressed folders") in versions of Microsoft Windows since 1998 via the "Plus! 98" addon for Windows 98. Native support was added as of the year 2000 in Windows ME. [citation needed] Apple has included built-in ZIP support in Mac OS X 10.3 (via BOMArchiveHelper, now Archive Utility) and later. Most free operating systems have built in support for ZIP in similar manners to Windows and macOS.
ZIP files generally use the file extensions.zip or .ZIP and the MIME media type application/zip.[1] ZIP is used as a base file format by many programs, usually under a different name. When navigating a file system via a user interface, graphical icons representing ZIP files often appear as a document or other object prominently featuring a zipper.
History
The .ZIP file format was designed by Phil Katz of PKWARE and Gary Conway of Infinity Design Concepts. The format was created after Systems Enhancement Associates (SEA) filed a lawsuit against PKWARE claiming that the latter's archiving products, named PKARC, were derivatives of SEA's ARC archiving system.[3] The name "zip" (meaning "move at high speed") was suggested by Katz's friend, Robert Mahoney.[4] They wanted to imply that their product would be faster than ARC and other compression formats of the time.[4]The earliest known version of .ZIP File Format Specification was first published as part of PKZIP 0.9 package under the file APPNOTE.TXT in 1989.[citation needed] By distributing the zip file format within APPNOTE.TXT, compatibility with the zip file format proliferated widely on the public Internet during the 1990s.[5]
PKWARE and Infinity Design Concepts made a joint press release on February 14, 1989, releasing the .ZIP file format into the public domain.[6][7][8][9][10]
Version history
The .ZIP File Format Specification has its own version number, which does not necessarily correspond to the version numbers for the PKZIP tool, especially with PKZIP 6 or later. At various times, PKWARE has added preliminary features that allow PKZIP products to extract archives using advanced features, but PKZIP products that create such archives are not made available until the next major release. Other companies or organizations support the PKWARE specifications at their own pace.
The .ZIP file format specification is formally named "APPNOTE - .ZIP File Format Specification" and it is published on the PKWARE.com website since the late 1990s.[11] Several versions of the specification were not published. Specifications of some features such as BZIP2 compression, strong encryption specification and others were published by PKWARE a few years after their creation. The URL of the online specification was changed several times on the PKWARE website.
A summary of key advances in various versions of the PKWARE specification:
2.0: (1993)[1] File entries can be compressed with DEFLATE and use traditional PKWARE encryption (ZipCrypto).
4.6: (2001) BZIP2 compression (not published online until the publication of APPNOTE 5.2)
5.0: (2002) SES: DES, Triple DES, RC2, RC4 supported for encryption (not published online until the publication of APPNOTE 5.2)
5.2: (2003)[13][14] AES encryption support for SES (defined in APPNOTE 5.1 that was not published online) and AES from WinZip ("AE-x"); corrected version of RC2-64 supported for SES encryption.
6.3.3: (2012)[20] Document formatting changes to facilitate referencing the PKWARE Application Note from other standards using methods such as the JTC 1 Referencing Explanatory Report (RER) as directed by JTC 1/SC 34 N 1621.
6.3.4: (2014)[21] Updates the PKWARE, Inc. office address.
6.3.5: (2018)[22] Documented compression methods 16, 96 and 99, DOS timestamp epoch and precision, added extra fields for keys and decryption, as well as typos and clarifications.
6.3.7: (2020)[24] Added Zstandard compression method ID 20.
6.3.8: (2020)[25] Moved Zstandard compression method ID from 20 to 93, deprecating the former. Documented method IDs 94 and 95 (MP3 and XZ respectively).
6.3.9: (2020)[26] Corrected a typo in Data Stream Alignment description.
6.3.10: (2022)[27] Added several z/OS attribute values for APPENDIX B. Added several additional 3rd party Extra Field mappings.
WinZip, starting with version 12.1, uses the extension .zipx for ZIP files that use compression methods newer than DEFLATE; specifically, methods BZip, LZMA, PPMd, Jpeg and Wavpack. The last 2 are applied to appropriate file types when "Best method" compression is selected.[28][29]
Standardization
In April 2010, ISO/IEC JTC 1 initiated a ballot to determine whether a project should be initiated to create an ISO/IEC International Standard format compatible with ZIP.[30] The proposed project, entitled Document Packaging, envisaged a ZIP-compatible 'minimal compressed archive format' suitable for use with a number of existing standards including OpenDocument, Office Open XML and EPUB.
In 2015, ISO/IEC 21320-1 "Document Container File — Part 1: Core" was published which states that "Document container files are conforming Zip files". It requires the following main restrictions of the ZIP file format:[31]
Files in ZIP archives may only be stored uncompressed, or using the "deflate" compression (i.e. compression method may contain the value "0" - stored or "8" - deflated).
The encryption features are prohibited.
The digital signature features (from SES) are prohibited.
The "patched data" features (from PKPatchMaker) are prohibited.
Archives may not span multiple volumes or be segmented.
Design
.ZIP files are archives that store multiple files. ZIP allows contained files to be compressed using many different methods, as well as simply storing a file without compressing it. Each file is stored separately, allowing different files in the same archive to be compressed using different methods. Because the files in a ZIP archive are compressed individually, it is possible to extract them, or add new ones, without applying compression or decompression to the entire archive. This contrasts with the format of compressed tar files, for which such random-access processing is not easily possible.
A directory is placed at the end of a ZIP file. This identifies what files are in the ZIP and identifies where in the ZIP that file is located. This allows ZIP readers to load the list of files without reading the entire ZIP archive. ZIP archives can also include extra data that is not related to the ZIP archive. This allows for a ZIP archive to be made into a self-extracting archive (application that decompresses its contained data), by prepending the program code to a ZIP archive and marking the file as executable. Storing the catalog at the end also makes possible to hide a zipped file by appending it to an innocuous file, such as a GIF image file.
The .ZIP format uses a 32-bit CRC algorithm and includes two copies of each entry metadata to provide greater protection against data loss. The CRC-32 algorithm was contributed by David Schwaderer and can be found in his book "C Programmers Guide to NetBIOS" published by Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.[32]
Structure
ZIP-64 Internal Layout
A ZIP file is correctly identified by the presence of an end of central directory record which is located at the end of the archive structure in order to allow the easy appending of new files. If the end of central directory record indicates a non-empty archive, the name of each file or directory within the archive should be specified in a central directory entry, along with other metadata about the entry, and an offset into the ZIP file, pointing to the actual entry data. This allows a file listing of the archive to be performed relatively quickly, as the entire archive does not have to be read to see the list of files. The entries within the ZIP file also include this information, for redundancy, in a local file header. Because ZIP files may be appended to, only files specified in the central directory at the end of the file are valid. Scanning a ZIP file for local file headers is invalid (except in the case of corrupted archives), as the central directory may declare that some files have been deleted and other files have been updated.
For example, we may start with a ZIP file that contains files A, B and C. File B is then deleted and C updated. This may be achieved by just appending a new file C to the end of the original ZIP file and adding a new central directory that only lists file A and the new file C. When ZIP was first designed, transferring files by floppy disk was common, yet writing to disks was very time-consuming. If you had a large zip file, possibly spanning multiple disks, and only needed to update a few files, rather than reading and re-writing all the files, it would be substantially faster to just read the old central directory, append the new files then append an updated central directory.
The order of the file entries in the central directory need not coincide with the order of file entries in the archive.
Each entry stored in a ZIP archive is introduced by a local file header with information about the file such as the comment, file size and file name, followed by optional "extra" data fields, and then the possibly compressed, possibly encrypted file data. The "Extra" data fields are the key to the extensibility of the ZIP format. "Extra" fields are exploited to support the ZIP64 format, WinZip-compatible AES encryption, file attributes, and higher-resolution NTFS or Unix file timestamps. Other extensions are possible via the "Extra" field. ZIP tools are required by the specification to ignore Extra fields they do not recognize.
The ZIP format uses specific 4-byte "signatures" to denote the various structures in the file. Each file entry is marked by a specific signature. The end of central directory record is indicated with its specific signature, and each entry in the central directory starts with the 4-byte central file header signature.
There is no BOF or EOF marker in the ZIP specification. Conventionally the first thing in a ZIP file is a ZIP entry, which can be identified easily by its local file header signature. However, this is not necessarily the case, as this is not required by the ZIP specification - most notably, a self-extracting archive will begin with an executable file header.
Tools that correctly read ZIP archives must scan for the end of central directory record signature, and then, as appropriate, the other, indicated, central directory records. They must not scan for entries from the top of the ZIP file, because (as previously mentioned in this section) only the central directory specifies where a file chunk starts and that it has not been deleted. Scanning could lead to false positives, as the format does not forbid other data to be between chunks, nor file data streams from containing such signatures. However, tools that attempt to recover data from damaged ZIP archives will most likely scan the archive for local file header signatures; this is made more difficult by the fact that the compressed size of a file chunk may be stored after the file chunk, making sequential processing difficult.
Most of the signatures end with the short integer 0x4b50, which is stored in little-endian ordering. Viewed as an ASCII string this reads "PK", the initials of the inventor Phil Katz. Thus, when a ZIP file is viewed in a text editor the first two bytes of the file are usually "PK". (DOS, OS/2 and Windows self-extracting ZIPs have an EXE before the ZIP so start with "MZ"; self-extracting ZIPs for other operating systems may similarly be preceded by executable code for extracting the archive's content on that platform.)
The .ZIP specification also supports spreading archives across multiple file-system files. Originally intended for storage of large ZIP files across multiple floppy disks, this feature is now used for sending ZIP archives in parts over email, or over other transports or removable media.
The FAT filesystem of DOS has a timestamp resolution of only two seconds; ZIP file records mimic this. As a result, the built-in timestamp resolution of files in a ZIP archive is only two seconds, though extra fields can be used to store more precise timestamps. The ZIP format has no notion of time zone, so timestamps are only meaningful if it is known what time zone they were created in.
In September 2006, PKWARE released a revision of the ZIP specification providing for the storage of file names using UTF-8, finally adding Unicode compatibility to ZIP.[17]
File headers
All multi-byte values in the header are stored in little-endian byte order. All length fields count the length in bytes.
The extra field contains a variety of optional data such as OS-specific attributes. It is divided into records, each with at minimum a 16-bit signature and a 16-bit length. A ZIP64 local file extra field record, for example, has the signature 0x0001 and a length of 16 bytes (or more) so that two 64-bit values (the uncompressed and compressed sizes) may follow. Another common local file extension is 0x5455 (or "UT") which contains 32-bit UTC UNIX timestamps.
This is immediately followed by the compressed data.
Data descriptor
If the bit at offset 3 (0x08) of the general-purpose flags field is set, then the CRC-32 and file sizes are not known when the header is written. If the archive is in Zip64 format, the compressed and uncompressed size fields are 8 bytes long instead of 4 bytes long (see section 4.3.9.2[34]). The equivalent fields in the local header (or in the Zip64 extended information extra field in the case of archives in Zip64 format) are filled with zero, and the CRC-32 and size are appended in a 12-byte structure (optionally preceded by a 4-byte signature) immediately after the compressed data:
Central directory file header signature = 0x02014b50
4
2
Version made by
6
2
Version needed to extract (minimum)
8
2
General purpose bit flag
10
2
Compression method
12
2
File last modification time
14
2
File last modification date
16
4
CRC-32 of uncompressed data
20
4
Compressed size (or 0xffffffff for ZIP64)
24
4
Uncompressed size (or 0xffffffff for ZIP64)
28
2
File name length (n)
30
2
Extra field length (m)
32
2
File comment length (k)
34
2
Disk number where file starts (or 0xffff for ZIP64)
36
2
Internal file attributes
38
4
External file attributes
42
4
Relative offset of local file header (or 0xffffffff for ZIP64). This is the number of bytes between the start of the first disk on which the file occurs, and the start of the local file header. This allows software reading the central directory to locate the position of the file inside the ZIP file.
46
n
File name
46+n
m
Extra field
46+n+m
k
File comment
End of central directory record (EOCD)
After all the central directory entries comes the end of central directory (EOCD) record, which marks the end of the ZIP file:
Disk where central directory starts (or 0xffff for ZIP64)
8
2
Number of central directory records on this disk (or 0xffff for ZIP64)
10
2
Total number of central directory records (or 0xffff for ZIP64)
12
4
Size of central directory (bytes) (or 0xffffffff for ZIP64)
16
4
Offset of start of central directory, relative to start of archive (or 0xffffffff for ZIP64)
20
2
Comment length (n)
22
n
Comment
This ordering allows a ZIP file to be created in one pass, but the central directory is also placed at the end of the file in order to facilitate easy removal of files from multiple-part (e.g. "multiple floppy-disk") archives, as previously discussed.
Compression methods
The .ZIP File Format Specification documents the following compression methods: Store (no compression), Shrink (LZW), Reduce (levels 1–4; LZ77 + probabilistic), Implode, Deflate, Deflate64, bzip2, LZMA, Zstandard, WavPack, PPMd, and a LZ77 variant provided by IBM z/OS CMPSC instruction.[35][27] The most commonly used compression method is DEFLATE, which is described in IETF RFC1951.
Other methods mentioned, but not documented in detail in the specification include: PKWARE DCL Implode (old IBM TERSE), new IBM TERSE, IBM LZ77 z Architecture (PFS), and a JPEG variant. A "Tokenize" method was reserved for a third party, but support was never added.[22]
The word Implode is overused by PKWARE: the DCL/TERSE Implode is distinct from the old PKZIP Implode, a predecessor to Deflate. The DCL Implode is undocumented partially due to its proprietary nature held by IBM, but Mark Adler has nevertheless provided a decompressor called "blast" alongside zlib.[36]
Encryption
ZIP supports a simple password-based symmetric encryption system generally known as ZipCrypto. It is documented in the ZIP specification, and known to be seriously flawed. In particular, it is vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks, which are in some cases made worse by poor implementations of random-number generators.[5] Computers running under native Microsoft Windows without third-party archivers can open, but not create, ZIP files encrypted with ZipCrypto, but cannot extract the contents of files using different encryption.[37]
New features including new compression and encryption (e.g. AES) methods have been documented in the ZIP File Format Specification since version 5.2. A WinZip-developed AES-based open standard ("AE-x" in APPNOTE) is used also by 7-Zip and Xceed, but some vendors use other formats.[38] PKWARE SecureZIP (SES, proprietary) also supports RC2, RC4, DES, Triple DES encryption methods, Digital Certificate-based encryption and authentication (X.509), and archive header encryption. It is, however, patented (see § Strong encryption controversy).[39]
File nameencryption is introduced in .ZIP File Format Specification 6.2, which encrypts metadata stored in Central Directory portion of an archive, but Local Header sections remain unencrypted. A compliant archiver can falsify the Local Header data when using Central Directory Encryption. As of version 6.2 of the specification, the Compression Method and Compressed Size fields within Local Header are not yet masked.
ZIP64
The original .ZIP format had a 4 GB (232 bytes) limit on various things (uncompressed size of a file, compressed size of a file, and total size of the archive), as well as a limit of 65,535 (216-1) entries in a ZIP archive. In version 4.5 of the specification (which is not the same as v4.5 of any particular tool), PKWARE introduced the "ZIP64" format extensions to get around these limitations, increasing the limits to 16 EB (264 bytes). In essence, it uses a "normal" central directory entry for a file, followed by an optional "zip64" directory entry, which has the larger fields.[40]
The format of the Local file header (LOC) and Central directory file header (CDFH) are the same in ZIP and ZIP64. However, ZIP64 specifies an extra field that may be added to those records at the discretion of the compressor, whose purpose is to store values that do not fit in the classic LOC or CDFH records. To signal that the actual values are stored in ZIP64 extra fields, they are set to 0xFFFF or 0xFFFFFFFF in the corresponding LOC or CDFH record. If one entry does not fit into the classic LOC or CDFH record, only that entry is required to be moved into a ZIP64 extra field. The other entries may stay in the classic record. Therefore, not all entries shown in the following table might be stored in a ZIP64 extra field. However, if they appear, their order must be as shown in the table.
Offset of start of central directory, relative to start of archive
56
n
Comment (up to the size of EOCD64)
It is also not necessarily the last record in the file. An End of Central Directory Locator follows (an additional 20 bytes at the end).
The File Explorer in Windows XP does not support ZIP64, but the Explorer in Windows Vista and later do.[citation needed] Likewise, some extension libraries support ZIP64, such as DotNetZip, QuaZIP[41] and IO::Compress::Zip in Perl. Python's built-in zipfile supports it since 2.5 and defaults to it since 3.4.[42]OpenJDK's built-in java.util.zip supports ZIP64 from version Java 7.[43]Android Java API support ZIP64 since Android 6.0.[44] Mac OS Sierra's Archive Utility notably does not support ZIP64, and can create corrupt archives when ZIP64 would be required.[45] However, the ditto command shipped with Mac OS will unzip ZIP64 files.[46] More recent[when?] versions of Mac OS ship with info-zip's zip and unzip command line tools which do support Zip64: to verify run zip -v and look for "ZIP64_SUPPORT".
Combination with other file formats
The .ZIP file format allows for a comment containing up to 65,535 (216−1) bytes of data to occur at the end of the file after the central directory.[33] Also, because the central directory specifies the offset of each file in the archive with respect to the start, it is possible for the first file entry to start at an offset other than zero, although some tools, for example gzip, will not process archive files that do not start with a file entry at offset zero.
This allows arbitrary data to occur in the file both before and after the ZIP archive data, and for the archive to still be read by a ZIP application. A side-effect of this is that it is possible to author a file that is both a working ZIP archive and another format, provided that the other format tolerates arbitrary data at its end, beginning, or middle. Self-extracting archives (SFX), of the form supported by WinZip, take advantage of this, in that they are executable (.exe) files that conform to the PKZIP AppNote.txt specification, and can be read by compliant zip tools or libraries.
This property of the .ZIP format, and of the JAR format which is a variant of ZIP, can be exploited to hide rogue content (such as harmful Java classes) inside a seemingly harmless file, such as a GIF image uploaded to the web. This so-called GIFAR exploit has been demonstrated as an effective attack against web applications such as Facebook.[47]
Limits
The minimum size of a .ZIP file is 22 bytes. Such an empty zip file contains only an End of Central Directory Record (EOCD):
[0x50,0x4B,0x05,0x06,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00]
The maximum size for both the archive file and the individual files inside it is 4,294,967,295 bytes (232−1 bytes, or 4 GB minus 1 byte) for standard ZIP. For ZIP64, the maximum size is 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 bytes (264−1 bytes, or 16 EB minus 1 byte).[48]
Open extensions
Seek-optimized (SOZip) profile
A Seek-Optimized ZIP file (SOZip) profile[49] has been proposed for the ZIP format. Such file contains one or several Deflate-compressed files that are organized and annotated such that a SOZip-aware reader can perform very fast random access (seek) within a compressed file. SOZip makes it possible to access large compressed files directly from a .zip file without prior decompression. It combines the use of ZLib block flushes issued at regular interval with a hidden index file mapping offsets of the uncompressed file to offsets in the compressed stream. ZIP readers that are not aware of that extension can read a SOZip-enabled file normally and ignore the extended features that support efficient seek capability.
Proprietary extensions
Extra field
.ZIP file format includes an extra field facility within file headers, which can be used to store extra data not defined by existing ZIP specifications, and which allow compliant archivers that do not recognize the fields to safely skip them. Header IDs 0–31 are reserved for use by PKWARE. The remaining IDs can be used by third-party vendors for proprietary usage.
Strong encryption controversy
When WinZip 9.0 public beta was released in 2003, WinZip introduced its own AES-256 encryption, using a different file format, along with the documentation for the new specification.[50] The encryption standards themselves were not proprietary, but PKWARE had not updated APPNOTE.TXT to include Strong Encryption Specification (SES) since 2001, which had been used by PKZIP versions 5.0 and 6.0. WinZip technical consultant Kevin Kearney and StuffIt product manager Mathew Covington accused PKWARE of withholding SES, but PKZIP chief technology officer Jim Peterson claimed that certificate-based encryption was still incomplete.
In another controversial move, PKWare applied for a patent on 16 July 2003 describing a method for combining ZIP and strong encryption to create a secure file.[51]
In the end, PKWARE and WinZip agreed to support each other's products. On 21 January 2004, PKWARE announced the support of WinZip-based AES compression format.[52] In a later version of WinZip beta, it was able to support SES-based ZIP files.[53] PKWARE eventually released version 5.2 of the .ZIP File Format Specification to the public, which documented SES. The Free Software project 7-Zip also supports AES, but not SES in ZIP files (as does its POSIXportp7zip).
When using AES encryption under WinZip, the compression method is always set to 99, with the actual compression method stored in an AES extra data field.[54] In contrast, Strong Encryption Specification stores the compression method in the basic file header segment of Local Header and Central Directory, unless Central Directory Encryption is used to mask/encrypt metadata.
Implementation
There are numerous .ZIP tools available, and numerous .ZIP libraries for various programming environments; licenses used include proprietary and free software. WinZip, WinRAR, Info-ZIP, ZipGenius, 7-Zip, PeaZip and B1 Free Archiver are well-known .ZIP tools, available on various platforms. Some of those tools have library or programmatic interfaces.
Some development libraries licensed under open source agreement are libzip, libarchive, and Info-ZIP. For Java: Java Platform, Standard Edition contains the package "java.util.zip" to handle standard .ZIP files; the Zip64File library specifically supports large files (larger than 4 GB) and treats .ZIP files using random access; and the Apache Ant tool contains a more complete implementation released under the Apache Software License.
The Info-ZIP implementations of the .ZIP format adds support for Unix filesystem features, such as user and group IDs, file permissions, and support for symbolic links. The Apache Ant implementation is aware of these to the extent that it can create files with predefined Unix permissions. The Info-ZIP implementations also know how to use the error correction capabilities built into the .ZIP compression format. Some programs do not, and will fail on a file that has errors.
The Info-ZIP Windows tools also support NTFSfilesystem permissions, and will make an attempt to translate from NTFS permissions to Unix permissions or vice versa when extracting files. This can result in potentially unintended combinations, e.g. .exe files being created on NTFS volumes with executable permission denied.
Versions of Microsoft Windows have included support for .ZIP compression in Explorer since the Microsoft Plus! pack was released for Windows 98. Microsoft calls this feature "Compressed Folders". Not all .ZIP features are supported by the Windows Compressed Folders capability. For example, encryption is not supported in Windows 10 Home edition,[55] although it can decrypt. Unicode entry encoding is not supported until Windows 7, while split and spanned archives are not readable or writable by the Compressed Folders feature, nor is AES Encryption supported.[56] Windows .zip support stemmed from an acquisition of "VisualZip" written by Dave Plummer.[57][58][59]
OpenDocument Format (ODF) started using the zip archive format in 2005, ODF is an open format for office documents of all types, this is the default file format used in Collabora Online, LibreOffice and others.[60] Microsoft Office started using the zip archive format in 2006 for their Office Open XML .docx, .xlsx, .pptx, etc. files, which became the default file format with Microsoft Office 2007.
Internationalization issues
Versions of the format prior to 6.3.0 did not support storing file names in Unicode.[61] According to the standard,[61] file names should be stored in the CP437 encoding, which is standard for the IBM PC,[61] but in practice, DOS archivers used the system's installed character encoding. The built-in archiver of Windows up to 11 also used the DOS encoding corresponding to the selected system language for backward compatibility when creating archives. Subsequently, the standard was updated to include two options for storing file names in Unicode: 1) when the 11th bit in the General purpose bit flag field is set, the file name in the "File name" field of the header should be considered as UTF-8 rather than a single-byte encoding, and 2) the Unicode Path Extra Field was added to store the file name in UTF-8 encoding.[61] Some versions of archivers on the Windows platform have also used ANSI encoding in the past. Thus, to correctly extract files with names containing non-English characters, it is necessary:[62]
Check for the presence of the Unicode Path Extra Field, and if it exists, use the filename from it, encoded in UTF-8.
Check for the presence of flag 11 in the General purpose bit flag field, and if it is set, consider the filename encoding in the "File name" field to be UTF-8.
If the "packing OS" field contains the value 11 (NTFS, Windows), and the "version of the packer" field value is greater than or equal to 20, consider the filename encoding in the "File name" field to be the ANSI (Windows) encoding corresponding to the system locale if one can be determined; otherwise, use CP437.
If the "packing OS" field contains the value 0 (FAT, DOS), and the "version of the packer" field value is between 25 and 40 inclusive, consider the filename encoding in the local header's "File name" field to be ANSI (Windows) encoding, and in the central header's "File name" field to be OEM (DOS) encoding, corresponding to the system locale if one can be determined; otherwise, use CP437.
In other cases, if the "OS packing" field contains the value 0 (FAT, DOS), 6 (HPFS, OS/2), or 11 (NTFS, Windows), consider the filename encoding in the "File name" field to be OEM (DOS) encoding, corresponding to the system locale if one can be determined; otherwise, use CP437.
In all other cases, consider the filename encoding in the "File name" field to be the system encoding of operating system unpacker is running on.
Some implementations of zip unpackers did not implement this algorithm or only partially implemented it, as a result, when viewing the contents of an archive or extracting it, users saw a chaotic set of characters, known as "mojibake", instead of letters of the national alphabet. In 2016, this problem was solved in the far2l file and archive manager for Linux, BSD and Mac.[63] In 2024, similar solution was added[64] to the version of 7zip used in the Debian distribution and its derivatives, and to the version of unzip used in the Ubuntu distribution and its dervicatives.[62]
Legacy
There are numerous other standards and formats using "zip" as part of their name. For example, zip is distinct from gzip, and the latter is defined in IETFRFC1952. Both zip and gzip primarily use the DEFLATE algorithm for compression. Likewise, the ZLIB format (IETF RFC1950) also uses the DEFLATE compression algorithm, but specifies different headers for error and consistency checking. Other common, similarly named formats and programs with different native formats include 7-Zip, bzip2, and rzip.
Concerns
The theoretical maximum compression factor for a raw DEFLATE stream is about 1032 to one,[65] but by exploiting the ZIP format in unintended ways, ZIP archives with compression ratios of billions to one can be constructed. These zip bombs unzip to extremely large sizes, overwhelming the capacity of the computer they are decompressed on.[66]
^Brian Livingston (8 September 2003), PKZip Must Open Up, retrieved 5 January 2012, The ZIP file format is given freely into the public domain and can be claimed neither legally nor morally by any individual, entity or company
^"Frequently Asked Questions about zlib". zlib. The PKWare DCL uses a completely different compressed data format than does PKZIP and zlib. However, you can look in zlib's contrib/blast directory for a possible solution to your problem. (contrib/blast)
1928 biography by John Buchan Montrose First edition 1928AuthorJohn BuchanGenreBiography; historyPublisherThomas Nelson and Sons Ltd[1]Publication date1928Media typePrintPages419[1] Montrose (Montrose: a history in the US) is a 1928 biography of James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose by the Scottish author John Buchan. Background From his undergraduate days at Oxford, Buchan had always had a fascination with Montrose, and came to feel that earlier historians had not done ...
Homoseksualiteit in Europa: ■ Homohuwelijk ■ Geregistreerd partnerschap ■ Geregistreerd samenwonen ■ Beperkte erkenning buitenlandse huwelijken ■ Geen erkenning ■ Huwelijk grondwettelijk verboden Spanje erkent het homohuwelijk sinds 3 juli 2005. In 2004, aan het begin van de achtste legislatuur, voerde de pas verkozen socialistische regering van minister-president José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero van de socialistische arbeiderspartij campagne voor het h...
Peta pembagian administratif tingkat pertama Libya Pembagian administratif Libya terdiri atas 22 distrik (شعبية, syabiyah) pada tingkat pertama dan 99 baladiyah (بلدية) pada tingkat kedua. lbsPembagian administratif AfrikaNegaraberdaulat Afrika Selatan Afrika Tengah Aljazair Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Chad Eritrea Eswatini Etiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Khatulistiwa Guinea-Bissau Jibuti Kamerun Kenya Komoro Republik Demokratik Kongo Republik Kongo Lesotho L...
Nota: Para outros significados, veja Foz (desambiguação). Mapa de 1930 destacando o delta do Nilo Foz ou desembocadura é o local onde um corpo de água fluente, como um rio, desagua em outro corpo de água, o qual pode ser um outro rio, uma lagoa, um grande lago, um mar, ou mesmo um oceano.[1][2][3] Em linhas gerais, há três tipos de fozes fluviais: a do tipo estuário em forma de funil, como a foz do rio Congo, o delta formado por um leque de canais e ilhas, como no Nilo, e a foz ...
Hundimiento de El KarinaFecha 14 de noviembre de 1981Hora 11:48 PMCausa Confrontación armadaLugar Puerto de Charambirá (Valle del Cauca), ColombiaResultado Hundimiento de la nave, con su carga.Origen Colombia ColombiaDestino Colombia ColombiaImplicadoTipo Buque de cargaOperador M-19Nombre El KarinaTripulación 3Supervivientes 3 [editar datos en Wikidata] Hundimiento de El Karina, también llamado Hundimiento del buque Karina fue un accidente marítimo en el que estuviero...
Politics of Ghana Constitution Executive President (list) Nana Akufo-Addo Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia Ministers Council of State Legislative Speaker of the Parliament Alban Sumana Bagbin Parliament Members of Parliament Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice: Kwasi Anin-Yeboah Human rights Elections Constituencies Political parties Politicians Electoral Commission Recent elections General: 201220162020 Administrative divisions Regions Districts Foreign relations Ministry for Foreign Affair...
Lake in the Rocky Mountains, United States Dream LakeLooking West over Dream LakeDream LakeShow map of ColoradoDream LakeShow map of the United StatesLocationRocky Mountain National Park, Larimer County, Colorado, USCoordinates40°18′34″N 105°39′32″W / 40.30944°N 105.65889°W / 40.30944; -105.65889Basin countriesUnited StatesSurface elevation3,019 m (9,905 ft) Dream Lake is a high alpine lake located in Rocky Mountain National Park in northern ...
Road in trans-European E-road network E802Route informationLength599 km (372 mi)Major junctionsFromBragançaMajor intersectionsGuarda,Castelo Branco,ÉvoraToOurique LocationCountriesPortugal Highway system International E-road network A Class B Class European route E 802 is a European B class road in Portugal, connecting the cities Bragança and Ourique. Route Portugal E80, E01 Bragança E80 Guarda E805 Castelo Branco Évora Ourique External links UN Economic Commission f...
Proposed inter-city rail system in the Philippines Mindanao RailwaySystem map of the Mindanao Railway as of 2021, including all the phases involved.OverviewStatusApprovedOwnerDepartment of TransportationLocaleMindanaoServiceTypeInter-city railOperator(s)Philippine National RailwaysRolling stockDiesel locomotives (freight)Diesel multiple unitsDaily ridership130,000(Estimated)[a]HistoryPlanned openingTBATechnicalLine length1,544 km (959 mi)Track length2,278 km (1,415 ...
TV channel in the Philippines For other uses, see Viva (disambiguation). This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Television...
Unidentified American serial killer This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (October 2018) Servant Girl AnnihilatorDecember 1885 newspaper headline relating to the Servant Girl AnnihilatorOther namesThe Austin Axe MurdererDetailsVictims8 known victimsSpan of crimesDecember 30, 1884 – December 24, 1885CountryUnited StatesState(s)Texas The Servant Girl Annihilator, also known as...
2007 studio album by The PerishersVictoriousStudio album by The PerishersReleasedSeptember 4, 2007 (2007-09-04)GenreIndie rockLength43:09LabelNettwerkProducerPer SundingThe Perishers chronology The Perishers Live(2005) Victorious(2007) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1]Music Emissions[2]PopMatters[3] Victorious is the last album released by The Perishers. It was released on 4 September 2007. Track listing All songs were writ...
1977 single by Steve Miller BandJet AirlinerSingle by Steve Miller Bandfrom the album Book of Dreams B-sideBabes in the WoodReleasedApril 1977RecordedMay 1975StudioCBS Studios in San Francisco, CaliforniaGenreRock[1]heartland rock[2]boogie rock[3]Length4:25 (album version) 3:33 (single version)LabelCapitol RecordsSongwriter(s)Paul PenaProducer(s)Steve MillerSteve Miller Band singles chronology Fly Like an Eagle (1976) Jet Airliner (1977) Jungle Love (1977) Jet Airliner...
مؤسسة النفط والغاز الطبيعيمعلومات عامةالجنسية الهند[2] التأسيس 1955 النوع عمل تجاري — مقاولة — شركة عمومية محدودة الشكل القانوني شركة مساهمة المقر الرئيسي دهرادون موقع الويب ongcindia.com المنظومة الاقتصاديةالصناعة طاقةالمنتجات نفط غاز طبيعي غاز طبيعي مسال مزلقs بتروكيميا�...
2010 oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico This article is about the explosion of the drilling rig Deepwater Horizon. For the subsequent oil spill, see Deepwater Horizon oil spill. For other related articles, see Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation). Deepwater Horizon explosionAnchor handling tugs and platform supply vessels combat the fire on the Deepwater Horizon while the United States Coast Guard searches for missing crew.DateApril 20, 2010; 13 years ago (2010-04-20)Time22:00...
This article is about the novel. For the A&E Network original film, see The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery. The Golden Spiders AuthorRex StoutCover artistBill EnglishCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSeriesNero WolfeGenreDetective fictionPublisherViking PressPublication dateOctober 26, 1953Media typePrint (hardcover)Pages186 pp. (first edition)OCLC1391763Preceded byPrisoner's Base Followed byThree Men Out The Golden Spiders is a Nero Wolfe detective n...
1930 Russian-language satirical play by Mayakovsky The Bathhouse AuthorVladimir MayakovskyOriginal titleБаняCountryRussiaLanguageRussianGenrePlayPublisherGosizdatPublication date1930Media typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Preceded byThe Bedbug (1929) The Bathhouse (Баня, Banya) is a play by Vladimir Mayakovsky written in 1929, for the Meyerhold Theatre. It was published for the first time in the November, No.11 issue of Oktyabr magazine and released as a book by...
El horror corporal (también, horror biológico) (del inglés body horror) es un subgénero del cine de terror que muestra intencionalmente alteraciones grotescas o psicológicamente perturbadoras del cuerpo humano.[1] Tales alteraciones pueden manifestarse a través de enfermedades, sexo aberrante, mutaciones, mutilaciones, zombificaciones, violencia altamente explícita o movimientos antinaturales del cuerpo. El término body horror se aplicó originalmente para describir un subgéne...
Lithuanian mathematician Jonas KubiliusJonas KubiliusBorn(1921-07-27)27 July 1921Jurbarkas District Municipality, LithuaniaDied30 October 2011(2011-10-30) (aged 90)Vilnius, LithuaniaAlma materVilnius UniversityLeningrad UniversitySteklov InstituteKnown forProbabilistic number theoryAwardsOrder of the Lithuanian Grand Duke GediminasScientific careerFieldsMathematicsInstitutionsVilnius UniversityLithuanian Academy of SciencesDoctoral advisorYuri Linnik Jonas Kubilius (27 July 192...
