Volcanogenic lake

View of Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia which is the largest volcanic lake in the world

A volcanogenic lake is a lake formed as a result of volcanic activity.^[1] They are generally a body of water inside an inactive volcanic crater (crater lakes) but can also be large volumes of molten lava within an active volcanic crater (lava lakes) and waterbodies constrained by lava flows, pyroclastic flows or lahars in valley systems.^[2] The term volcanic lake is also used to describe volcanogenic lakes, although it is more commonly assigned to those inside volcanic craters.^[3][4][1][2]

Volcanic crater lakes

Main article: volcanic crater lake

Crater Lake in Oregon, USA

Lakes in calderas fill large craters formed by the collapse of a volcano during an eruption. Examples:

• Crater Lake, Oregon, United States
• Heaven Lake, China/North Korea
• Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia

Soda Lakes in Nevada, USA

Lakes in maars fill small craters where an eruption deposited debris around a vent. Examples:

• Lake Nyos, Northwest Region, Cameroon
• Lac Pavin, Puy-de-Dôme, France
• Soda Lakes, Nevada, United States

Lava lakes

Lava lake at Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Main article: lava lake

These are some examples of rare lava lakes where molten lava in a volcano maintains relative equilibrium, neither rising to overflowing nor sinking to drain away.

• Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica
• Erta Ale, Afar Region, Ethiopia
• Mount Nyiragongo, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Lava-dammed lakes

Garibaldi Lake in British Columbia, Canada, is impounded by lava flows comprising The Barrier

• Lake Balık, Ağrı Province, Turkey
• Lake Disappear, North Island, New Zealand
• Garibaldi Lake, British Columbia, Canada
• Lake Güija, Guatemala/El Salvador

References

1. Manville, V.; Hodgson, K. A.; Nairn, I. A. (2007). "A review of break-out floods from volcanogenic lakes in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 50 (2). The Royal Society of New Zealand: 131. Bibcode:2007NZJGG..50..131M. doi:10.1080/00288300709509826. ISSN 0028-8306. S2CID 129792354.
2. Manville, V. (2015). "Volcano-Hydrologic Hazards from Volcanic Lakes". Volcanic Lakes. Advances in Volcanology. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-642-36832-5.
3. Robert K. Lane, Lake at the Encyclopædia Britannica
4. Pasternack, Gregory B. "Volcanic Lakes". Pasternack Lab. University of California, Davis. Retrieved 2019-11-20.

Further reading

• Delmelle, Pierre; Bernard, Alain (2000). "Volcanic Lakes". In Sigurdsson, Haraldur (ed.). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego: Academic Press (published 1999). pp. 877–895. ISBN 978-0-12-643140-7.
• Christenson, B. W. (2000). Varekamp, Johan C.; Rowe, Gary L. Jr. (eds.). "Crater Lakes". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 97 (1–4): 1–508. Bibcode:2000JVGR...97....1C. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00167-5. (entire volume about crater lakes)
• Pasternack, G. B.; Varekamp, J. C. (1997). "Volcanic lake systematics I. Physical constraints". Bulletin of Volcanology. 58 (7): 526–538. Bibcode:1997BVol...58..528P. doi:10.1007/s004450050160. S2CID 140598280.
• Kusakabe, Minoru, ed. (1994). "Geochemistry of Crater Lakes". Geochemical Journal. 28 (3): 137–306. doi:10.2343/geochemj.28.137. (entire issue about chemistry of crater lakes)

External links

• IAVCEI Commission of Volcanic Lakes
• IAVCEI Commission of Volcanic Lakes: Some fundamentals about Crater Lakes
• The Science of Volcanic Lakes
• Volcanic Lakes of the World
• USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Water on volcanoes: heavy rain and crater lakes
• USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory: Volcanic Lakes
• The Science of Volcanic Lakes, Greg Pasternack, U. California Davis
• Crater Lake National Park documentation in Building Oregon: Architecture of Oregon & the Pacific Northwest archive
• World Volcanic Lakes Map