26 August 1976 (1976-08-26) – 21 January 2017 (2017-01-21)
University Challenge is a long-running New Zealand television quiz show, running originally from 1976 to 1989 before its revival in 2014 after a 25-year hiatus. The format was based on the British show of the same name, which was itself based on the American College Bowl. The 2014–2017 series were produced by Cue TV in Invercargill. The title holders are the University of Canterbury, who won the final series on 21 January 2017.
History
At its inception in 1976, University Challenge was hosted by Peter Sinclair, though he was briefly dropped in the late 1970s and replaced by University of Otago lecturer Charles Higham.[1] Sinclair returned after just two seasons, and continued in this capacity until the show went into hiatus in 1989. The first series was filmed in the Union Hall, in Otago University's student union building. Later series were filmed in TVNZ's Dunedin studio. It was sponsored by the BNZ, who provided prizes for some of the series. For example, one year, they gave each member of the winning team "an Apple Macintosh computer system, plus a BNZ campus pack account with a $500 credit balance".[2] Ten episodes were aired each year, with the exception of the first season, when there were nine. Most seasons were broadcast on TVNZ channel TV One; those that were not screened on its partner channel TV2. When TVNZ's Dunedin studio was closed and TVNZ moved premises to Auckland, they decided to drop the show.[2]
In July 2014, 25 years after TVNZ stopped producing University Challenge, Cue TV revived the show with station owner Tom Conroy as host.[3] Some of the science questions were replaced with more populist material to enable greater involvement from the audience at home.[2][4] It began airing on Prime in November 2014.
Stewart Alexander (c), Jack Hayes, Catherine O'Donnell-Jackways, Liam Boardman, Alexander Amies
Format
As with the British show, "starter" questions are answered individually "on the buzzer", and are worth 10 points. The team answering a starter correctly gets a set of "bonus" questions worth a potential fifteen points, over which they can confer. In the last few series before the show's hiatus, a "jackpot bonus" was also available once per game, signalled by a bell. In that, each part of the bonus was worth five points, but getting all three parts right doubled the value of the question to 30 points.
An incorrect interruption of a starter results in a five-point penalty. The pace of questioning gradually increases through the show, becoming almost frantic in the last minute or so before the "gong" which signals the end of the game. In the event of a tied score at the sound of the gong, a "sudden death" question is to be asked (although in practice this has never occurred). In this circumstance the first team to answer correctly would be deemed the winner, with the process repeated until one of the teams answers correctly.
The format of the competition for its original run – with the exception of the debut season – was seven first-round matches, with each of the teams competing twice (having been randomly drawn against their opponents). Two semi-finals between the highest points-scorers followed, after which there was a single final match. In the first season, the first round consisted of three knockout heats, the seventh team then competing with the highest-scoring losing side for the last semi-final position. Unlike later series, the final in this series was staged over three legs.
For series 15, the competition was in a round-robin format.[2] From series 16, the teams were divided into two pools.
Teams consist of four members, each team representing a New Zealand university. In the revived series, each team also has a reserve member. All six of the universities in New Zealand at the time competed (Auckland, Canterbury, Massey, Otago, Victoria and Waikato), along with a seventh team, representing Lincoln College (now Lincoln University). From series 15, the Auckland University of Technology also competes.
During the original run of 14 series, shows were half an hour in length, with question time being approximately 27 minutes during the first 13 seasons, and 21 minutes during the last season (the show was reduced to 25 minutes in length for this season). The show would occupy a mid-evening spot, generally around 8pm. This same spot was also occupied by the annual quiz series Mastermind, also hosted by Peter Sinclair, with University Challenge commencing one week after the Mastermind final.
The show is broadcast in a split screen format, which led to a widespread rumour in the 1980s that the set was constructed so that one team was seated immediately above the other.[2]
Notable contestants
Several team members from University Challenge have gone on to make a name for themselves in other fields, among them:
Mark Allan, winner of the New Zealand version of Mastermind
Original run, 1976–1989
Series 1
The first series was filmed in Dunedin and screened on TV One in 1976. Unlike other series, it consisted of four knockout heats (the highest-scoring loser of the first three heats competed again, against the seventh university), and the final was held over three legs. The series was hosted by Peter Sinclair and produced by Wayne Cameron.[5] The University of Otago won the series, defeating the University of Canterbury in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
26 August 1976
Otago
?
?
Unknown
2
2 September 1976
Auckland
?
?
Unknown
3
9 September 1976
Unknown
4
16 September 1976
Canterbury
?
?
Massey
Semi-finals
5
23 September 1976
Otago
?
?
Unknown
6
30 September 1976
Canterbury
?
?
Auckland
Final (three legs)
7–9
7, 14, 21 October 1976
Otago
2
1
Canterbury
Series 2
The second series was filmed in Dunedin in August 1977 and screened later in the same year on TV One. The University of Otago won the series, defeating Massey University in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
6 September 1977
Unknown
2
13 September 1977
Unknown
3
20 September 1977
Unknown
4
27 September 1977
Unknown
5
4 October 1977
Unknown
6
11 October 1977
Otago
Victoria
7
18 October 1977
Unknown
Semi-finals
8
25 October 1977
Massey
?
?
Unknown
9
1 November 1977
Otago
?
?
Canterbury
Final
10
8 November 1977
Otago
?
?
Massey
Series 3
The third series was filmed in Dunedin on 18–21 August 1978 and screened later in the same year on TV One. The series was the first one to be presented by Richard Higham. The University of Otago won the series, defeating Victoria University of Wellington in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
5 September 1978
Massey
40
290
Victoria
2
12 September 1978
Otago
225
185
Canterbury
3
19 September 1978
Waikato
75
285
Auckland
4
26 September 1978
Lincoln
240
60
Massey
5
3 October 1978
Victoria
220
245
Otago
6
10 October 1978
Canterbury
235
110
Waikato
7
17 October 1978
Auckland
190
170
Lincoln
Semi-finals
8
24 October 1978
Victoria
?
?
Canterbury
9
31 October 1978
Otago
?
?
Auckland
Final
10
7 November 1978
Otago
?
?
Victoria
Series 4
The fourth series was filmed in Dunedin in August 1979 and screened later in the same year on TV One. The University of Canterbury won the series, defeating the University of Auckland in the finals.
The sixth series was filmed in Dunedin in August 1981 and screened later in the same year. Unlike previous series, the 1981 edition screened on TV One's sister channel, TV2. The series was produced by Max Cryer. The University of Canterbury won the series, defeating the University of Otago in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
3 October 1981
Massey
130
235
Canterbury
2
10 October 1981
Lincoln
160
315
Otago
3
17 October 1981
Auckland
Victoria
4
24 October 1981
Waikato
Massey
5
31 October 1981
Canterbury
Lincoln
6
7 November 1981
Otago
Auckland
7
14 November 1981
Victoria
Waikato
Semi-finals
8
21 November 1981
Massey
?
?
Otago
9
28 November 1981
Victoria
160
195
Canterbury
Final
10
5 December 1981
Canterbury
?
?
Otago
Series 7
The seventh series was filmed in Dunedin in August 1982 and screened later in the same year on TV2. Massey University won the series, defeating the University of Canterbury in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
25 September 1982
Otago
?
?
Waikato
2
2 October 1982
Unknown
3
9 October 1982
Unknown
Lincoln
4
16 October 1982
Canterbury
?
?
Otago
5
23 October 1982
Waikato
Unknown
6
30 October 1982
Unknown
7
6 November 1982
Lincoln
?
?
Canterbury
Semi-finals
8
13 November 1982
Auckland
170
210
Canterbury
9
20 November 1982
Massey
?
?
Otago
Final
10
27 November 1982
Massey
?
?
Canterbury
Series 8
The eighth was filmed in Dunedin in August 1983, and returned to TV One, screening on Sundays later in the same year. Unusually, each university won one and lost one of their heats. This was the closest of all the original run of series, with three games decided by just five points. The final was low-scoring, due in part to the final being "Christmas themed" (for broadcast just prior to Christmas), something that none of the teams had prepared for or were aware of prior to filming. Victoria University of Wellington won the series, defeating the University of Auckland in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
15 October 1983
Waikato
135
185
Canterbury
2
22 October 1983
Otago
160
190
Victoria
3
29 October 1983
Auckland
170
175
Massey
4
5 November 1983
Lincoln
140
170
Waikato
5
12 November 1983
Canterbury
65
280
Otago
6
19 November 1983
Victoria
160
180
Auckland
7
26 November 1983
Massey
140
145
Lincoln
Semi-finals
8
3 December 1983
Otago
150
155
Auckland
9
10 December 1983
Massey
135
185
Victoria
Final
10
17 December 1983
Victoria
115
45
Auckland
Series 9
The ninth series was filmed in Dunedin on 17–19 August 1984 and screened towards the end of the same year on TV One. The series was hosted by Peter Sinclair with booth announcer Hal Weston. The series was directed by Brian Stewart and produced by Derek Wooster. The University of Otago won the series, defeating the University of Auckland in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
21 October 1984
Lincoln
155
280
Massey
2
28 October 1984
Auckland
330
105
Victoria
3
4 November 1984
Canterbury
275
125
Waikato
4
11 November 1984
Otago
290
85
Lincoln
5
18 November 1984
Victoria
225
210
Canterbury
6
25 November 1984
Massey
105
320
Auckland
7
2 December 1984
Waikato
110
330
Otago
Semi-finals
8
9 December 1984
Auckland
300
120
Canterbury
9
16 December 1984
Otago
260
205
Massey
Final
10
23 December 1984
Auckland
190
280
Otago
Series 10
The tenth series was filmed in Dunedin in August 1985 and screened later in the same year on TV One. The University of Auckland won the series, defeating the University of Canterbury in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
20 October 1985
Victoria
65
230
Auckland
2
27 October 1985
Waikato
125
220
Canterbury
3
3 November 1985
Otago
105
165
Lincoln
4
10 November 1985
Massey
210
100
Victoria
5
17 November 1985
Canterbury
175
155
Otago
6
24 November 1985
Auckland
220
95
Waikato
7
1 December 1985
Lincoln
160
135
Massey
Semi-finals
8
8 December 1985
Massey
100
265
Canterbury
9
15 December 1985
Lincoln
160
270
Auckland
Final
10
22 December 1985
Auckland
235
170
Canterbury
Series 11
The eleventh series was filmed in Dunedin in August 1986 and screened between September and November on TV One. The series was presented by Peter Sinclair with John Jones replacing Hal Weston as booth announcer. The series was directed by Brian Stewart. The University of Otago won the series, defeating the University of Waikato in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
11 September 1986
Otago
225
200
Waikato
2
18 September 1986
Canterbury
235
210
Victoria
3
25 September 1986
Massey
65
245
Auckland
4
2 October 1986
Lincoln
130
230
Otago
5
9 October 1986
Victoria
70
280
Massey
6
16 October 1986
Auckland
145
180
Lincoln
7
23 October 1986
Waikato
160
275
Canterbury
Semi-finals
8
30 October 1986
Canterbury
185
240
Otago
9
7 November 1986
Waikato
250
200
Auckland
Final
10
14 November 1986
Otago
205
150
Waikato
Series 12
The twelfth series was filmed in Dunedin on 19–21 August 1987 and screened towards the end of the same year on TV One. This series of the contest was unusual in that every one of the competing sides won one and lost one heat. The series was presented by Peter Sinclair with John Jones as booth announcer, and was produced and directed by Brian Stewart. Uniquely among the original run of the show, there was a two-week gap between the broadcasting of two heats, to allow for a television special to be played on 25 October. The University of Auckland won the series, defeating the University of Waikato in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
13 September 1987
Canterbury
225
180
Otago
2
20 September 1987
Auckland
210
140
Victoria
3
27 September 1987
Lincoln
140
110
Waikato
4
4 October 1987
Massey
130
115
Canterbury
5
11 October 1987
Victoria
160
130
Lincoln
6
18 October 1987
Waikato
195
110
Massey
7
1 November 1987
Otago
210
160
Auckland
Semi-finals
8
8 November 1987
Auckland
185
160
Canterbury
9
15 November 1987
Otago
105
140
Waikato
Final
10
22 November 1987
Auckland
245
85
Waikato
Series 13
The thirteenth series was filmed in Dunedin in August 1988 and screened towards the end of the same year on TV One. The series was presented by Peter Sinclair with John Jones as booth announcer, and was produced and directed by Brian Stewart. The University of Canterbury won the series, defeating the University of Waikato in the finals.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
11 September 1988
Otago
225
200
Waikato
2
18 September 1988
Canterbury
235
210
Victoria
3
25 September 1988
Massey
65
245
Auckland
4
2 October 1988
Lincoln
130
230
Otago
5
9 October 1988
Victoria
70
280
Massey
6
16 October 1988
Auckland
145
180
Lincoln
7
23 October 1988
Waikato
160
275
Canterbury
Semi-finals
8
30 October 1988
Otago
185
240
Canterbury
9
6 November 1988
Waikato
250
200
Auckland
Final
10
13 November 1988
Canterbury
205
150
Waikato
Series 14
The fourteenth and final series of the show's original run was filmed in Dunedin in August 1989 and screened towards the end of the same year on TV One. Episodes were 25 minutes in length, five minutes shorter than in previous series. The series was presented by Peter Sinclair with John Jones as booth announcer, and was produced and directed by Brian Stewart. The University of Waikato won the series, defeating the University of Auckland in the finals. Each member of the winning team won a Macintosh Classic. One still remains in the Waikato Students' Union Office as a trophy of their victory.
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Heats
1
3 September 1989
Otago
235
40
Lincoln
2
10 September 1989
Victoria
210
5
Massey
3
17 September 1989
Waikato
205
70
Canterbury
4
24 September 1989
Auckland
50
250
Otago
5
1 October 1989
Massey
85
175
Waikato
6
8 October 1989
Canterbury
90
180
Auckland
7
15 October 1989
Lincoln
120
175
Victoria
Semi-finals
8
22 October 1989
Otago
125
180
Waikato
9
29 October 1989
Auckland
155
130
Victoria
Final
10
5 November 1989
Waikato
115
110
Auckland
International shows
Two international series were held in 1986 and 1987 between the British and New Zealand champions of the previous year. The first of these was held in Dunedin, New Zealand (the venue for the filming of the New Zealand domestic series); the second was held in Manchester, England. Each of these was a best of three series. Both series resulted in a win to the British team.
There was also a one-off match between the Australian and New Zealand champions in 1989, filmed immediately after the completion of the Australian filming in Hobart, Tasmania, resulting in an Australian win.
The fifteenth series was filmed on 1–5 July 2014 and premiered on 22 November 2014 on Prime. It was in a new round-robin format, hosted by Cue TV director Tom Conroy and produced by Sheree Carey. Auckland University of Technology, newcomers to the show, lost all seven of their round-robin games. The final episodes aired on 4 April 2015, with the University of Canterbury winning the series after defeating the University of Auckland in the final.
The following table should be read vertically. A green cell indicates a win, and a red cell indicates a loss. The number in each cell shows the points differential (the difference between the two teams' points). Two points were awarded for each win. The four teams with the most points at the end of the tournament went through to the semi-finals. Total points differential (shown in the bottom row) was used as a secondary ranking criterion in case multiple teams had the same number of points.
The sixteenth series was filmed in late August 2015 and premiered on 17 October 2015 on Prime. It was again hosted by Tom Conroy, and featured all eight of New Zealand's universities, which were split into two pools. Pool A consisted of Waikato and the three South Island teams (Canterbury, Lincoln, and Otago) and Pool B consisted of the remaining North Island teams (Auckland, AUT, Massey, and Victoria). The University of Auckland won the series, defeating the University of Canterbury in the final.
The first three rounds of the competition involved a round-robin within each of the pools. Round four consisted of cross-over games, where the first place team from Pool A played the fourth placed team from Pool B, the second from Pool A played the third from Pool B, and so on. At the end of round 4, the four teams with the most points went through to the semi-finals (with points differential as a secondary ranking criterion).
Episode list
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Round 1
1
17 October 2015
Canterbury
230
140
Waikato
2
24 October 2015
Victoria
430
15
Massey
3
31 October 2015
Otago
295
95
Lincoln
4
7 November 2015
Auckland
360
20
AUT
Round 2
5
14 November 2015
Otago
270
155
Waikato
6
21 November 2015
Lincoln
230
150
Canterbury
7
28 November 2015
AUT
65
125
Massey
8
5 December 2015
Victoria
295
220
Auckland
Round 3
9
12 December 2015
Waikato
285
125
Lincoln
10
19 December 2015
AUT
30
365
Victoria
11
26 December 2015
Canterbury
215
225
Otago
12
2 January 2016
Massey
55
345
Auckland
Round 4
13
9 January 2016
Otago
365
40
AUT
14
16 January 2016
Victoria
185
205
Lincoln
15
23 January 2016
Canterbury
295
45
Massey
16
6 February 2016
Auckland
370
100
Waikato
Semifinals
17
13 February 2016
Otago
170
215
Canterbury
18
20 February 2016
Auckland
435
70
Victoria
Final
19
27 February 2016
Auckland
345
95
Canterbury
Pool rounds
The following tables should be read vertically. A green cell indicates a win, and a red cell indicates a loss. The number in each cell shows the points differential (the difference between the two teams' points). For the inter-pool round, the opponent is written next to the differential score. Two points are awarded for each win. The two teams in each pool with the most points at the end of the tournament go through to the semi-finals. Total points differential (shown in the bottom row) is used as a secondary ranking criterion in case multiple teams have the same number of points.
The seventeenth series premiered on 15 October 2016 on Prime. It was again hosted by Tom Conroy, and featured all eight of New Zealand's universities, which were split into two pools. Pool A consisted of AUT and the three South Island teams (Canterbury, Lincoln, and Otago) and Pool B consisted of the remaining North Island teams (Auckland, Massey, Victoria, and Waikato). The University of Canterbury won the series, defeating the University of Waikato in the final.
The first three rounds of the competition involved a round-robin within each of the pools. At the end of round 3, the four teams with the most points went through to the semi-finals (with points differential as a secondary ranking criterion).
Episode list
Episode
Broadcast date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Round 1
1
15 October 2016
Victoria
120
260
Auckland
2
22 October 2016
Lincoln
155
150
Otago
3
29 October 2016
Massey
145
245
Waikato
4
12 November 2016
AUT
195
205
Canterbury
Round 2
5
19 November 2016
Auckland
230
125
Massey
6
26 November 2016
Canterbury
220
70
Lincoln
7
3 December 2016
Waikato
205
195
Victoria
8
10 December 2016
Otago
155
120
AUT
Round 3
9
17 December 2016
Auckland
250
235
Waikato
10
24 December 2016
Lincoln
135
215
AUT
11
31 December 2016
Massey
120
280
Victoria
12
7 January 2017
Otago
125
290
Canterbury
Semifinals
13
14 January 2017
AUT
130
245
Canterbury
14
21 January 2017
Waikato
215
205
Auckland
Final
15
21 January 2017
Waikato
90
210
Canterbury
Pool rounds
The following tables should be read vertically. A green cell indicates a win, and a red cell indicates a loss. The number in each cell shows the points differential (the difference between the two teams' points). Two points are awarded for each win. The two teams in each pool with the most points at the end of the tournament go through to the semi-finals. Total points differential (shown in the bottom row) is used as a secondary ranking criterion in case multiple teams have the same number of points.
^"Television Guide", Otago Daily Times, 23 August 1976. p. 17
Notes
^The table at the start of episode 5 confirms a score adjustment applied after the show (a bonus on the deepest lake in New Zealand was wrongly given as incorrect).
^The table at the start of episode 21 confirms a score adjustment applied after the show (scoreboard error, missing a correct bonus question on the name "Thatcher").
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Medical record for COVID-19 vaccination For the use of vaccine certificates for pandemic control, see Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic. Part of a series on theCOVID-19 pandemicScientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each ball is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths Timeline 2019 2020 January responses February responses March responses April responses May responses June responses July responses August responses Septemb...
Not to be confused with Jordan Cameron. American football player (born 1989) American football player Cameron JordanJordan with the Saints in 2012No. 94 – New Orleans SaintsPosition:Defensive endPersonal informationBorn: (1989-07-10) July 10, 1989 (age 34)Chandler, Arizona, U.S.Height:6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Weight:287 lb (130 kg)Career informationHigh school:ChandlerCollege:California (2007–2010)NFL Draft:2011 / Round: 1 / Pick: 24Career histor...
Coordenadas: 40° 42' 31 N 1° 16' 02 O Bueña Município Símbolos Bandeira Brasão de armas Gentílico bueñense, bueñizo, -za Localização BueñaLocalização de Bueña na Espanha BueñaLocalização de Bueña em Aragão Coordenadas 40° 42' 31 N 1° 16' 02 O País Espanha Comunidade autónoma Aragão Província Teruel Características geográficas Área total 40,73 km² População total (2021) [1] 52 hab. Dens...
Skyscraper in Chicago IBM Plaza redirects here. For the IBM Plaza in Kansas City, see 2345 Grand. United States historic placeIBM BuildingU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesChicago Landmark Show map of Chicago metropolitan areaShow map of IllinoisShow map of the United StatesLocation330 North Wabash, Chicago, IllinoisCoordinates41°53′19″N 87°37′39.3″W / 41.88861°N 87.627583°W / 41.88861; -87.627583Built1973; 50 years ago (1973)Archit...
Formal conversation, often between opposing viewpoints, on a topic For other uses, see Debate (disambiguation). Debater redirects here. For the artificial intelligence project, see Project Debater. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (July 2023) (Learn how and w...
2014 video gameDepthDeveloper(s)Digital ConfectionersEngineUnreal Engine 3Platform(s)WindowsReleaseWW: November 3, 2014Genre(s)First-person shooterMode(s)Multiplayer Depth is a video game developed by Digital Confectioners and released for Microsoft Windows in 2014. It is an asymmetrical multiplayer first-person shooter that pits treasure hunting divers against sharks. Gameplay The game is a first-person shooter taking place in underwater environments. Players can either be divers or sharks. ...
Tennis tournament2023 United CupDate29 December 2022 – 8 January 2023Edition1stCategoryUnited CupDraw18 teamsPrize moneyUS$15,000,000SurfaceHard / outdoorLocationBrisbane, QueenslandPerth, Western AustraliaSydney, New South Wales,AustraliaVenuePat Rafter ArenaRAC ArenaKen Rosewall ArenaChampions United States United Cup · 2024 → The 2023 United Cup was the first edition of the United Cup, an international outdoor hard court mixed-gender team tennis tournament held...
Association football club in Scotland Football clubForres MechanicsFull nameForres Mechanics Football ClubNickname(s)The Can CansFounded1884; 139 years ago (1884)GroundMosset Park, ForresCapacity2,700 (502 seated)ChairmanDavid MacDonaldManagerSteven MacDonaldLeagueHighland League2022–23Highland League, 11th of 18 Home colours Away colours Forres Mechanics Football Club are a senior Scottish association football club from the town of Forres, Moray, currently playing in the ...
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Сага (значення). Saha — село — Saha Капличка у селіКапличка у селі Координати: 59°25′ пн. ш. 24°58′ сх. д. / 59.417° пн. ш. 24.967° сх. д. / 59.417; 24.967 Країна Графство Гар'юмаа Прихід Йиеляхт...
Puerto Rican writer (born 1970) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Arroyo and the second or maternal family name is Pizarro. Yolanda Arroyo PizarroYolanda Arroyo Pizarro in 2019BornYolanda Arroyo Pizarro (1970-10-29) October 29, 1970 (age 53)Guaynabo, Puerto RicoNationalityPuerto RicanOccupation(s)Novelist, short story writer and essayist Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro (born October 29, 1970) is a Puerto Rican novelist, short story writer and essayist. Biography Yolan...
Воронежский механический завод Тип унитарное предприятие Год основания 1928 Расположение СССР → Россия Воронеж Ключевые фигуры Ковалёв Сергей Викторович (директор) Отрасль Машиностроение Продукция Жидкостные ракетные двигатели, буровое оборудование, нефтега...
IRC network Eris Free NetworkFounded1990; 33 years ago (1990)Geographic locationUnited States, Europe, CanadaBased inWorldwideWebsite URLhttp://www.efnet.org/Primary DNSirc://irc.efnet.org/Average users10224 (30 September 2023)Average channels6437 (30 September 2023)Average servers60Content/subjectPublic / unrestricted EFnet or Eris-Free network is a major Internet Relay Chat (IRC) network, with more than 35,000 users.[1] It is the modern-day descendant of th...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2021) هذه المقالة عن المسلسل التركي عام 2009. لالمسلسل المصري عام 2003، طالع حد السكين (مسلسل). حد السكين النوع دراما بطولة فكرت كوشكان نجات إسلر ميليسا سوزن محمد...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (يناير 2017) بنتاديكان Structural formula of pentadecane Ball-and-stick model of the pentadecane molecule الاسم النظامي (IUPAC) Pentadec...