The Troupes de Marine (French pronunciation:[tʁupdəmaʁin], lit.'Marine Troops') or TDM, sometimes simply referred to as "French Marines" in English, are one of the major components of the French Army and comprise several specialties: infantry, airborne, armoured cavalry, artillery, engineering, and transmissions (signals). Characterized by their fundamental vocation for service beyond the seas, including in French overseas territories and, formerly, in French colonies, the Marines have taken part in all French military campaigns since the corps' foundation, both on home soil and in theaters of operations around the world. They are stationed in Metropolitan France, in many French overseas departments and territories, as well as in Africa.[1][2]
Historically amphibious warfare specialists, the French Marines were pioneers of professionalization since the late 1960s and are well suited for military campaigns abroad. From Gabon in 1964 to Afghanistan in 2002, and from the First Gulf War in 1990 to Mali in 2013, their units took part in more than sixty military operations over six decades. As they represent a core asset of French expeditionary capabilities, they are highly trained soldiers and noted for their professionalism and strong esprit de corps.[3][4][5] With a strength of over 17,000 men as of 2022, the Troupes de Marine consist of 26 regiments and amount to around 15% of the French Army.[6]
Renamed Troupes d'Outre-Mer then Troupes de Marine during the dismantling of the French Union (1958), their origin can actually be found in the Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer (French: Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer) (Ordinary Sea Companies), created in 1622 by Cardinal Richelieu. These companies were used to embark on royal naval ships to serve the naval artillery and participate in the boarding of enemy ships. These companies were also in charge of guarding the various sea ports. Despite the fact that the artillery of the marines was limited in numbers compared to those of the infantry marines (fusiliers and grenadiers), the ship's marine artillerymen were the determining factor for the Troupes de la marine, being in charge of displacing and mounting the naval guns under the orders of the respective marine artillery officer in charge. In the 18th century, they constituted the Compagnies Franches de la Marine who essentially spread to Nouvelle France (in particular: these marines were recruited in Europe, with marine officers recruiting them on the spot due to an excellent knowledge of the local environment). Since then the anchor has been with the Troupes as their official symbol because of the former links to the French Royal Navy.
Following France's defeat in the Seven Years' War, these troops, along with the rest of the Marines, were transferred to the French Army under the Choiseul ministries, and after their emancipation at the end of 1760, they retained a large number of officers issued from the Ministère de la Guerre, which would reproduce and compensate for the losses endured assisting the colonies during the American Revolutionary War. An evolution in the mentality of the troops and an increasingly pronounced separation between the marines and their officers followed. A tentative close-up merger was attempted by two naval ship corps and their troops in 1786 with the companies of naval gunners assigned to ships of the Navy; however, the experiment came to little conclusion.
Ordinary Sea Companies and Troupes de la marine (1622–1673)
The Marine Royale was a substantial force in 1671, consisting of 196 naval vessels. Colbert decided to create 100 companies of "guardian-soldiers" intended to form part of the crews of the larger naval vessels (French: Vaisseau). However, these men were redirected towards the French Army by Louvois in 1673. Starting from this date, senior naval and marine officers were obliged to separately recruit crews and marines for each ship. Using a system of «levées» (selective conscription) in the various sea ports, similar to the « marine press », the naval and marine officers were able to man their ships. However, the system reached its limitations quickly. The recruits often lacked discipline and experience, and were discharged or deserted following their first voyage, wasting months of training. Until 1682 there was a serious shortage of experienced sailors and soldiers in the French Navy.
Free Marine Companies and Marine Artillery Corps (1690–1761)
The Marine units were recreated at the end of the 17th century by re-organization of the infantry units dedicated to guarding military harbors (the Warden-Soldiers Companies or compagnies de soldats-gardiens, created in 1671) and the artillery units dedicated to coastal battery service (Bomb Companies or compagnies de bombardiers, created in 1689), naval artillery training (Apprentice Gunner Companies or compagnies d'apprentis-cannoniers, created in 1689) and naval artillery administration (Artillery Commissaries or Commissaires d'artillerie, created in 1631).
Compagnies franches de la Marine (Free Marine Companies) created in 1690. Each company was tasked to guard a military harbor and its immediate coastline. Beginning in 1695, the Companies were organized in battalions around the major harbors (Brest, Rochefort, Toulon). The Marine Companies and Battalions were dissolved in 1761.
Corps d'artillerie de Marine (Marine Artillery Corps), created in 1692 to oversee the training and use of coastal artillery. The Corps was disbanded in 1761.
Royal Marine Corps (1769–1786)
The infantry and marine artillery units were briefly merged into a single marine corps in 1769. Some colonial units were created at the same time, organized along the same lines of artillery and infantry units.
Corps royal d'artillerie et d'infanterie de Marine (Royal Marine Artillery and Infantry Corps), created in 1769. Its name was changed in 1772 to Corps royal de la Marine (Royal Marine Corps). The Corps was organized in eight regiments, each centered on a harbor: (Bayonne, Bordeaux, Brest, Le Havre, Marseille, Rochefort, Saint-Malo and Toulon). The corps was broken down in 1774, in line with Antoine de Sartine's reform of the navy.
Corps royal d'infanterie de la marine ("Royal Marine Infantry Corps), created in 1774 with the infantry units of the Royal Marine Corps, organized in three divisions centered on the only three military harbors remaining: Brest, Rochefort and Toulon. The Corps' name was changed to Corps royal de la Marine in 1782, but it remained an infantry-only unit. The corps was disbanded in 1786.
Artillerie de Marine (Marine Artillery), created in 1774 with the artillery units of the Royal Marine Corps, organized in three divisions centered on the same three military harbors: Brest, Rochefort and Toulon. The Marine Artillerymen were tasked to serve aboard Navy ships as well as manning the coastal batteries. The commanding officers of the Marine Artillery were naval officers. The corps was dispanded in 1786.
After 1786, the Marine units were often reduced to artillery units, except for some short-lived infantry regiments (1792–1794).
Corps royal de cannoniers-matelots (Royal Sailors-Gunners Corps), created on 1 January 1786. The Corps royal de canonniers-matelots was an early attempt to use sailors for duties previously done by marines – soldiers specializing in naval and amphibious combat. This naval artillery corps was suppressed in 1792 and its duties transferred to a new marine unit.
Corps d'artillerie et d'infanterie de marine (Marine Artillery and Infantry Corps), created in 1792. The Corps had four infantry regiments, two artillery regiments, two engineer companies and two training companies. The infantry units were transferred to the Army in 1794.
Corps d'artillerie de marine (Marine Artillery Corps), created in 1794 from the artillery units of the Artillery and Infantry Corps. It was organized in seven half-brigades and re-organized in four regiments in 1803. The Corps gained the title Impérial at Napoléon I's coronation (1804) and Royal at Louis XVIII's return (1814 and 1815).
The colonial expansion of the 19th century saw the extensive use of French sailors and marines serving together in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and West Africa. The troupes de marine were tasked with insuring the French presence in its Asian, African, and American colonies.
The revolutionary period saw a definite division in 1792 between the reconstituted troupes de marine and the ships of the navy. Under Napoleon, the troupes de marine were used primarily as line infantry. Following the disbandment of the Imperial Guard, under the Restoration, separate marine artillery (Artillerie de Marine) and marine infantry (Infanterie de Marine) units were created as part of a reorganization between 1818 and 1822. These two corps were popularly known as « bigors » and « marsouins » respectively. Starting in 1831, these two arms ceased to serve on board naval ships and were exclusively armed with regular army equipment and weapons. Their role was now to serve on land in the new French colonial territories, as well as defending the large naval ports and bases in France itself.
The diverse colonial or exterior operations administered by the July Monarchy, essentially conducted by the Marines and their troops, led to the rehabilitation and the increase of the latter in 1846. The revolution of 1848 led to a draconian reduction in size. The Crimean War saw them, along with the equipment of naval vessels of the fleet, illustrating their capability during the Siege of Sevastopol while aiding the heavy artillery pieces ( to constitute a siege artillery ) to disembark from the naval vessels under the orders of AdmiralCharles Rigault de Genouilly.
Honored since 1855, with the return of their staff of 1846, the marines demonstrated their capability during the expeditions of the Second French Empire.
In 1870, marine artillery and infantry were for the first time regrouped in a grand unit: Blue Division of general Élie de Vassoigne, named after the blue uniforms worn by the soldiers to differentiate them from the line troops. Following the Franco-Prussian War, the marines participated to the construction of the second colonial empire of France.
Marine Infantry and Marine Artillery Regiments (1816–1900)
The 21 February 1816, royal ordinance of Louis XVIII re-establishing L'infanterie de marine authorized two regiments. This was increased to three regiments in 1838 and four in 1854. The 1st Regiment was located in Cherbourg, the 2nd in Brest, the 3rd in Rochefort and the 4th in Toulon. In 1890, L'infanterie de marine was increased to eight regiments. L'artillerie de marine, created in 1793, was formed into a single regiment in 1814. A second was added on 8 July 1893. Battles fought in this era included Bomarsund (1854) in the Baltic, Sea of Azoff and the Crimea (1855–56), Ki Hoa in China (1860), and the Battle of Puebla in Mexico (1863). Their most famous battle was Bazeilles (1870) in the Franco-Prussian War.
The Troupes de marine fought in the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885) and during the period of undeclared hostilities in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) that preceded it. Between June 1883 and April 1886 the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps included several marine infantry battalions and marine artillery batteries. These units saw service in the Sơn Tây Campaign (December 1883), the Bắc Ninh Campaign (March 1884), the Capture of Hưng Hóa (April 1884), the Bắc Lệ ambush (June 1884), the Keelung Campaign (October 1884 to June 1885), the Battle of Yu Oc (November 1884), the Battle of Núi Bop (January 1885), the Lạng Sơn Campaign (February 1885) and the Pescadores Campaign (March 1885). In March 1885 the two marine infantry battalions in Lieutenant-Colonel Ange-Laurent Giovanninelli's 1st Brigade suffered heavy casualties storming the Chinese trenches at the Battle of Hòa Mộc. The French victory at Hòa Mộc relieved the Siege of Tuyên Quang, and was commemorated thereafter in an annual ceremony at Tuyên Quang in which a soldier of the French Foreign Legion (representing the besieged garrison) and a marine infantryman (representing the relief column) solemnly presented arms on the anniversary of the relief of the beleaguered French post.
The French Navy itself, due to the trouble it was having in obtaining naval infantry detachments from the Ministry of the Navy, established the Fusiliers Marins in 1856. The Fusiliers-Marins were initially composed of sailors, senior rates and naval officers who undertook special infantry training to form the "marine" detachments aboard ships and conduct small scale landings. Unlike their anglophone contemporaries, they are graded by naval rates rather than adopting army ranks.
In 1890 the Ministry of Colonies was separated from that of the Ministère de la Marine. This raised the question of to which authority the troupes de Marine, who only now served in the colonies, should be responsible. By a decree dated 7 July 1900 the renamed troops were placed under the Département de la Guerre and were thus rebadged, now as part of the French Army, under one name – the Troupes coloniales, retaining the anchor badge as a reminder of their naval heritage.
The Troupes coloniales were composed of two distinct corps. One was the colonial forces in metropolitan France, composed of Europeans who had voluntarily enlisted for successive service engagements of five years duration. These regulars (as opposed to conscripts) were assigned in small contingents to undertake tours of duty in the various French colonies outside North Africa. There they served either in blanches (all white) units, or were employed as officers and NCOs in the recruitment, training and leadership of locally recruited indigenous troops (tirailleurs, cipayes etc.). The proportion of European to "native" colonial troops were progressively reduced as additional locally recruited units were created during the late 19th and earlier 20th centuries.
One problem of this system was the differences between the training and equipment required for colonial and European warfare. Service conditions in turn would differ between the various colonial territories in Africa and South East Asia. The two types of colonial troupes were however successfully employed in World War I and World War II, as well as the Indochina War and the Algerian War.
The Construction Service of the marine artillery (which designed and engineered the naval artillery guns in the metropolitan arsenals), became an integral part of the colonial artillery following the reorganisation of 1900. In 1909 those colonial artillery officers who specialised in artillery design and manufacture work were transferred into the newly created "Engineers of Naval Artillery"; a newly created corps of the French Navy which subsequently merged with the Naval Engineer Corps (responsible for the construction of naval ships) during the Second World War.
In 1905, the strength of the Troupes coloniales stationed in (the 19 military districts of metropolitan) France was marked at 2,123 officers and 26,581 other ranks. The strength maintained in the colonies amounts to 1,743 officers, 21,516 European troops and 47,868 native soldiers.[7]
Troupes Coloniales (1900–1958)
By the time the Troupes were transferred to the Army the unit names changed from "Marine" to "Colonial" while the Fusiliers-Marins remained part of the French Navy. The Troupes Coloniale were still used in occasional amphibious landings but this was because of the ready availability of units normally based near naval embarkation ports or in colonial garrisons.[8] In the World War I Gallipoli campaign in the Dardanelles, the Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient was more than two-thirds[citation needed]Troupes Coloniale including the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th Colonial Infantry Regiments and Colonial Artillery. (The artillery element at Gallipoli did not contain any artillery units from the Troupes Coloniales.[9]) The Troupes Coloniales were however far more likely to see action in African or Asian land campaigns or, during both World Wars, in France itself.[when defined as?]
In World War II, one Colonial unit did have "Marine" in its title – The Bataillon d'Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique (BIMP). Two divisions of the Troupes Coloniale were trained in amphibious tactics by the Americans and performed amphibious landings at Corsica (6th Moroccan Mountain Division) and Elba (9th Colonial Infantry Division – 9e DIC). Both these divisions also landed in southern France in the follow-on echelons of Operation Dragoon. The French wanted the United States to transport these two divisions to the Pacific to fight against the Japanese and later retake French Indochina, but transport was a problem.
The Troupes coloniales distinguished themselves in both World Wars.[citation needed] The most decorated regimental colors of the French Armed Forces are those of the Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco (RICM) and the regimental colors of the 2nd Marine Infantry Regiment 2e RIMa. After 1945 the decolonization wars involved the colonial troops in Indochina, Algeria, and Madagascar. Following 1962, operations in Africa were undertaken by the again renamed troupes de Marine and the Légion étrangère which were the only units mainly or entirely composed of "engaged" (non-conscript) soldiers. This was also the case in Tchad and in Lebanon and the former Yugoslavia before metropolitan troops started also to recruit volunteer soldiers. The cessation of obligatory military service after 2001 permitted the deployment of the remainder of the French Army in overseas operations.
End of Troupes Coloniales and recreation of Troupes de Marine
Troupes de Marine (1958– present)
A "marsouin" standing guard at the Gare de Lyon in 2016.
With France divesting itself of its colonies, on 1 December 1958 the title of Troupes d' Outre-Mer (Overseas Troops) replaced that of Troupes Coloniales. Finally, on 4 May 1961, the historic designation of "Troupes de marine" was readopted, this time for all the Troupes Coloniales. They became a major component in France's Forces d'Intervention. In July 1963 the 9th Marine Infantry Brigade (9e Brigade d'Infanterie de Marine) (9e BIMa) of the Troupes de marine was formed a French Force d'Intervention. It was named after and carried the insignia of the 9th Colonial Infantry Division (9e DIC) that had performed a successful amphibious assault on Elba in World War II. The Troupes de marine remaining overseas became part of the Forces d'outre mer. In 1964 the Force d'Intervention was expanded by adding two airborne brigades and one motorized brigade and formed into the 11th Division d'Intervention, which became the 11th Parachute Division in 1971. The Troupes de marine were removed from this division in 1976 to form a separate intervention force, and the 9e Brigade d'Infanterie de Marine was expanded on 1 January 1976 to form the 9e Division d'Infanterie de Marine (9e DIMa). This division was the amphibious component of the Force d'Intervention, which was renamed the Force d'Action Rapide (FAR) in 1983.
Because of their overseas heritage and their use in the Force d'Intervention, the Troupes de marine were mostly volunteer regulars, as in France, draftees are legally exempt from overseas duty. The conversion of the French Army into a smaller professional force led to the French Army's decision to make the brigade its largest formation and the 9e Division d'Infanterie de Marine was reduced in size on 1 July 1999 and became the 9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade (France) (9e Brigade Légère Blindée de Marine) and then back to the 9th Marine Infantry Brigade (9ème Brigade d'Infanterie de Marine) in 2016.
The Troupes de marine are one of the "armes" (corps) of the French Army, which includes specialties associated with other corps (artillery, cavalry, signals, armour, paratroopers) but with overseas deployment as a specialisation.
Gallery
Marsouin in full metropolitan dress, as worn until 1914.
Officer and Marsouin (private) in colonial dress, late 19th century.
The Marine soldiers are known in French as marsouins ("Harbour porpoise"), allegedly because, like porpoises, they accompany ships without really being part of the crew.
Marine Gunners are known as bigors, a nickname whose origin is disputed. It could come from bigue dehors which was the order given for loading the guns on a ship. It could also come from bigorneau (winkle in English), either due to their toughness and unwillingness to desert their positions in combat or because their duties usually had them stuck on coastal rocks.
The nickname used by Marsouins and Bigors for the other branches of the French Army is biffins (slang for ragmen). The name originated in the nineteenth century when sailors of the Fleet and Marine Infantry and Artillerymen, proud of their own smart appearance, accused the soldiers of the Army of being slovenly by comparison. The Legion is excused this nickname, probably reflecting a special relation between Marsouins and legionnaires.
Uniform
The modern Troupes de marine uniform is the same as for other units of the French Army (light beige, plain green or woodland or desert camouflage according to circumstances). Distinctive features are a gold metal fouled anchor badge on a dark blue beret (Marine paratroopers wear red berets and their badge is a composite of the gold metal anchor and the silver wing of airborne units). This is worn either on the beret or embroidered on the front of the kepi.
The modern full dress includes a dark blue kepi, yellow fringed epaulettes (official colour name is daffodil) and a navy blue cravat (scarf worn around the neck). A red waist sash is also sometimes worn by certain units with a history of colonial service in Africa and Indo-China.
Historically, the uniform consisted of a blue kepi with red piping, double breasted navy blue tunic, lighter blue trousers, and yellow epaulettes. Worn by all ranks until 1914, the blue uniform was reissued for regular personnel in 1930 and is still worn by bandsmen. This traditional uniform gave the nickname of "the Blue Division" to the Troupes de marine units involved in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War. The pith helmet was worn overseas during the colonial period, with blue, khaki or white uniforms according to circumstances. Until the early 1960s a dark blue calot (forage/side cap) with red piping and anchor badge was the usual distinction of the Troupes de marine.
Gallery
Troupes de marine on parade
Beret of all the French Army's Troupes de marine, except paratroopers.
The distinctive badge with an anchor and the yellow epaulettes of the Troupes de marine. This uniform is only used for parades.
Shoulder Patch of all marines (and infantry, paratroopers and light cavalry before the 2000s).
Shoulder patch of the marine artillery before the 2000s. This patch is sometimes still worn but not official anymore.
Képi of a first sergeant in the TDM with gold piping
Kepi and traditional epaulettes
The modern kepi is presented to new recruits in a solemn ceremony. It is worn by officers and non-commissioned officers when another headdress is not prescribed. The kepi is entirely dark blue – a very dark blue, often mistaken for black – with a red (privates and corporals) or gold (non-commissioned officers and officers) trimming. All kepis display the anchor insignia of the Marines. When not being worn the kepi is expected to be positioned so that the anchor is always visible.
The "traditional" epaulettes used by the TdM are gold for officers and NCOs and wool of "daffodil" yellow for other ranks. This colour and pattern is derived from the historic epaulettes of the light infantry formations in mainland France.
Golden Spurs
The officers of marine "mounted" units (that is to say those formerly using horses, or currently armored vehicles) have the privilege of wearing gold spurs for certain occasions. This differs from the usual French cavalry practice of wearing silver spurs. Tradition has it that Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom requested this distinction for the marine troops from Emperor Napoleon III to honor the branch after the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimea (1854) where marine infantry saved British troops from destruction[citation needed].
Badges and rank of Corporal and Corporal Chief of Marine troops
Sword
The officers and senior non-commissioned-officer can wear, in special circumstances, a sword as a part of their dress uniform. This sword has a straight-edge blade, in contrast to other Army Corps' curved sabers and thus similar to those of the Royal Marines and the rest of the British Armed Forces. Since the Second World War, the sword is very rarely used.
The armored, artillery and infantry regiments of the Marines wear dark blue berets with golden anchor insignia. The parachute regiments of the Marines (1e RPIMa, 2e RPIMa, 3e RPIMa, 8e RPIMa) wear a red beret with anchor and wing insignia, except the 1e RPIMa, a Special Forces regiment, where soldiers wear a purple beret.
The red beret was first introduced to the Free French Paratroopers of the SAS in August 1944, at the 2e RCP during a parade on 11 November 1944, this regiment for a first time dressed this beret with the insignia of the SAS. However, these paratroopers then belonged to the Air Force. In Indochina, the Infantry Metropolitan SAS Demi-Brigade retained the practice, which was readopted by the 1st SAS Parachute Demi-Brigade in 1948. The red beret, which was officially introduced as the standard uniform headdress on all Paratroopers in Indochina in 1952 by GénéralJean de Lattre de Tassigny (except for the Legion), became the norm for all airborne contingents of the French Army in 1957, with legionnairesparatroopers retaining their traditional green beret, and the 1e RPIMa which transitioned to a purple beret in 2015.
Beret badge worn by the paratroops of the French colonial troops.(Obsolete)
Current Beret badge worn by the Marine paratroops
red beret (Amaranth) of marine paratroops (France).
Marine parachutists in Rwanda.
The companies of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry, in 2008 in Bayonne.
Color Guard of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry November 11, 2008, in Bayonne.
Jumping uniform and equipment worn by parachutists of the Marine paratroops.
Ceremonial parade of companies of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry, in 2008 at Bayonne.
Change of command of Colonel of the 1st Parachute Regiment of Marine Infantry, in 2008 at Bayonne.
French military parachutist badge
Traditions
The Feast of the Marines: in the name of God, long live the colonials! This expression is believed to have originated with the famous missionary Charles de Foucauld who, when rescued by colonial troops, exclaimed "In the name of God, the great colonials!". Annual ceremonies celebrating the marine troops take place on 31 August and 1 September – the anniversary of the Blue Division. On 31 August detachments of all marine units parade at Fréjus where the Museum of Marine Troops is located. On 1 September veterans hold a ceremony at Bazeilles in Ardennes.
The anchor of gold
As a naval symbol since ancient times, the anchor appeared on the uniforms of French sailors from the late eighteenth century. The Marine Infantry and Artillery troops adopted this insignia at the same time and it remains the modern symbol of the Troupes de marine.
1772: a royal ordinance provides for the port anchor badge on the uniforms of the French Royal Navy, including the Marine Regiment.
1900: the anchor is carried by the Colonial Infantry with their transfer to the Army.
1916: the Colonial Troops adopt the badge of an anchor over a flaming grenade (the latter being a traditional distinction of elite troops).
1919: All officers of the Colonial Troops adopt a gold anchor on their kepis.
1920: an anchor entwined with a cable becomes the common badge of Colonial Troops.
1933: Colonial Artillery gunners no longer wear the grenade insignia.
1935: the anchor insignia appears alone on the armbands worn by Staff officers of the Colonial Troops.
1939: the anchor no longer to be worn with an entwined cable.
1945: the anchor officially sanctioned to be worn on all the attributes (including headgear and uniforms) of the Colonial Troops.
1953: approval of a "traditional" anchor design for the CT.
1962: introduction of the TDM beret, regulated by the Corps, with the gold anchor badge as the DUI (Distinctive unit insignia).
1985: "traditional" anchor now permitted to be carried on pennants and guidons as a badge.
Current units
The headquarters of the Troupes de marine is the Specialized Staff for Overseas and Foreign Affairs (French: État-major spécialisé pour l'outre-mer et l'étranger, EMSOME), which also directs overseas Foreign Legion forces. The General commanding the EMSOME is nicknamed the "Father of the Marine Corps" (le Père de l'Arme des TDM).
The Troupes de Marine include various specialties, which form separate arms in the rest of the Army, including:
Infantry (Infanterie de marine, abbreviation: -IMa)
Ceremony of creation of battle group Richelieu, 2nd Regiment of Marines, before departure to Afghanistan.
The dissolution ceremony at Le Mans July 7, 2011, the battalion / battle group Richelieu of the 2nd Regiment of Marines after return from Afghanistan.
Following the dissolution of the battalion.
Following the dissolution of the battalion.
Following the dissolution of the battalion.
Anthem
(traditional)
This song is sung at a brisk pace to marching music
In battle or storm,
The chorus of male songs, (repeat)
Our soul always ready to danger,
Brave and lightning guns.
Men of iron that nothing weary
We look death in the face,
In the roaring storm or rough fight. Forward!
To make a soldier of Marine
You need in the chest
The heart of a sailor and that of a soldier.
Often in the torrid zone,
The tooth tiger or lion
Fever or ball homicide
Just decimate our battalions.
So to the motherland,
We see, contorted with agony,
In a supreme effort to turn our front. Forward!
And we regret unanimous
Dear France, O sublime country!
This is for you to have one life to give.
Be proud soldier in the Navy,
Love thy victory bugles
And your face illuminated by burnished,
The brilliance of great deeds.
From the Bosphorus to Martinique,
From Senegal to the Pacific
We see your flag colors shine. Forward!
The glory took you under his wing,
For the honor always faithful,
Uniform of the marines under Louis XV at the Museum of the 2nd regiment of marines
You die in battle or you come back victorious.
In every battle in the Crimea,
We too have taken part
De Malakoff under fire,
We were climbing the walls.
At the sight of our uniforms,
That the fire or sword deforms,
The enemy turned pale, stepped back many times. Forward!
And on our foreheads that shines,
We can see the triple crown
The laurels of Podor, of Inkerman and Alma.
When Prussia inundating France,
About Us unleashed its fury,
At his balls as his spears
We have opposed our hearts.
And when the battle roared,
Our forehead, wounded by shrapnel,
Bloody, but untamed, defied the winners. Forward!
A Bazeilles The Cluze and Neuville,
When fighting against one hundred thousand,
The success betrays us but we kept the honor.
Marsouin marine troops
Constantly ready for any fight;
Valiant soldiers of our major ports,
No nothing can kill you
Who do you count your dead point
You reduce Chinese, Kanaka,
In Madagascar you, Annam and Tonkin. Forward!
Also under the sky its dome
Joined still halo
Son-Tay and Nouméa, Tamatave and Beijing
A day will come, dear hope,
Where the ardent call of bugles,
Will rise to our France
Avengers ... and we will.
So for us, oh what a feast!
We will give younger sisters,
For the victories of Jena, Auerstadt, Stettin. Forward!
Yes we love the holy wars
For the blood of heroes, our fathers,
In our blood on fire, do not flow in vain
Values of the Marine Troops
Formed initially to be deployed for service on France's overseas territories to maintain French interests, the marine troops have acquired a culture of openness. In addition, foreign missions have required the weapon it covers areas of varied specialties (combat infantry and armor, fire support, communications ...) the exercise of which, today, reinforces a long history of professionalism.
Transcending the concept of mastering military equipment and technologies, the marine troops unite around a single symbol, the traditional golden anchor, that for those who serve marks a unique style whose main features are:
A brotherhood of gun mindset maintained by simple and warm human relationships between comrades in arms;
An ability to adapt to the most unusual situations, a true lifestyle product of history and operational experience repeated;
A "military humanism", perpetuating culture of others including the ability to make contacts with the most diverse populations and to gain their trust. This military humanism embodied by the tradition of multiculturalism are today carried on by the Specialised Headquarters for Overseas and Foreign Units (État-major spécialisé pour l’outre-mer et l’étranger).
These high values of identity give meaning to the commitment of the Marsouin and Bigord and always based natural vocation of the marine troops serving both in the French overseas territories and abroad.
Serge Saint-Michel & Rene Le Honzec, Les Batisseurs d'empire Histoire Troupes de marine Tome II 1871–1931
CEHD (Centre d'Etudes d'Histoire de la Défense), Les troupes de Marine dans l’armée de Terre. Un siècle d’histoire (1900–2000), Paris, Lavauzelle, 2001, 444 p., ISBN2-7025-0492-2
Historique du 16e régiment d'infanterie de marine. Année 1900, Paris, H. Charles-Lavauzelle, 1903.
Louis Beausza, La formation de l'armee coloniale, Paris, L. Fournier et cie., 1939.
Comité national des traditions des troupes de marine, De Bizerte à Sarajevo : les troupes de marine dans les opérations extérieures de 1961 à 1994, Paris:C. Lavauzelle, 1995, ISBN2-7025-0380-2 or ISBN978-2-7025-0380-5.
^Lavauzelle, Charles (1991). Les Troupes de Marine 1622–1984. pp. 346 & 364. ISBN978-2-7025-0316-4.
^"Artillerie et expédition d'Orient". Forum pages14-18 (in French). 5 July 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020. There were no units of Artillerie Coloniale at Gallipoli in 1915
Swiss-Israeli military surveillance drone, 1999 Finnish army Ranger UAV and catapult vehicle on display in Ekenäs RANGER is a tactical UAV system (TUAV) built as a Swiss-Israeli joint venture[1] between Swiss aerospace enterprise RUAG Aviation and Israeli aerospace company Israel Aerospace Industries. Its design and some of its technology is based on the Scout UAV system by Israel Aerospace Industries. The RANGER UAV uses a compact hydraulic launcher for takeoff. Due to a modular pay...
العلاقات البوروندية الغامبية بوروندي غامبيا بوروندي غامبيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات البوروندية الغامبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين بوروندي وغامبيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقا...
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Boogie Woogie Country Man – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1975 studio album by Jerry Lee LewisBoogie Woogie Country ManStudio album by Jerry Lee LewisReleased1975RecordedNashville, Tenness...
كيغان-مايكل كي Kegan-Michael Key معلومات شخصية الميلاد 22 مارس 1971 (العمر 52 سنة)ساوثفيلد، ميشيغان، الولايات المتحدة الجنسية أمريكي الزوجة سينثيا بلايزي (ز. 199؛ ط. 2015) الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة ديترويت ميرسيجامعة بنسلفانيا المهنة ممثل، كاتب، كوميدي اللغات الإنجليزية سنوات...
American football player (1933–2018) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Lindon Crow – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Lindon CrowCrow on a 1955 Bowman football cardBorn:(1933-04-04)April 4, 1933Denison, Texas, U.S....
2001 novel by Kage Baker The Graveyard Game First Edition coverAuthorKage BakerCover artistKelly NelsonCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSeriesThe CompanyGenreScience fictionPublisherHarcourtPublication dateJanuary 2001Media typePrint (Hardcover)Pages288ISBN0-15-100449-8OCLC43615632Dewey Decimal813/.54 21LC ClassPS3552.A4313 G73 2001Preceded byMendoza in Hollywood Followed byThe Life of the World to Come The Graveyard Game is a science fiction novel by Ame...
Diócesis de Saint-Hyacinthe Dioecesis Sancti Hyacinthi (en latín) Catedral de San Jacinto el ConfesorInformación generalIglesia católicaIglesia sui iuris latinaRito romanoSufragánea de arquidiócesis de SherbrookeFecha de erección 8 de junio de 1852 (como diócesis)Bula de erección Ad romanum spectatSedeCatedral de San Jacinto el ConfesorCiudad sede Saint-HyacintheDivisión administrativa provincia de QuebecPaís Canadá CanadáCuria diocesana Évêché, C.P. 190, 1900 rue Girouar...
Infernus Gaahl and King ov Hell The Gorgoroth name dispute refers to a legal dispute between musicians from Norwegian black metal band Gorgoroth over who had ownership of the band's name, which was derived from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. The parties to the dispute were band founder Infernus (Roger Tiegs) and members Gaahl (Kristian Espedal) and King ov Hell (Tom Cato Visnes). It began in October 2007, when it was announced that Gaahl and King had decided to part ways with Infernus, altho...
الكلالشة تقسيم إداري البلد المغرب الجهة الدار البيضاء سطات الإقليم سطات الدائرة سطات الجماعة القروية سيدي العايدي المشيخة بني مجريش السكان التعداد السكاني 303 نسمة (إحصاء 2004) • عدد الأسر 59 معلومات أخرى التوقيت ت ع م±00:00 (توقيت قياسي)[1]، وت ع م+01:00 (توقيت صيفي)[...
This article is about the city. For the type of ceramics, see Tokoname ware. City in Chūbu, JapanTokoname 常滑市CityTokoname ware tiles FlagEmblemLocation of Tokoname in Aichi PrefectureTokoname Coordinates: 34°53′11.5″N 136°49′56.4″E / 34.886528°N 136.832333°E / 34.886528; 136.832333CountryJapanRegionChūbu (Tōkai)PrefectureAichiGovernment • MayorTatsuya ItōArea • Total55.90 km2 (21.58 sq mi)Population ...
Swedish television series Drag Race SverigeGenreReality competitionBased onRuPaul's Drag RacePresented byRobert FuxJudges Robert Fux Kayo Farao Groth [sv] Ending themeRock It (To the Moon)Country of originSwedenNo. of episodes8ProductionExecutive producers RuPaul Charles Tom Campbell Fenton Bailey Randy Barbato Production companyMastiff ABOriginal releaseNetworkSVT1 and SVT Play (Sweden)WOW Presents Plus (International)ReleaseMarch 4, 2023 (2023-03-04) –present (...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع بلنسية (توضيح). بلنسية (مقاطعة) بلنسية (مقاطعة) خريطة الموقع تقسيم إداري البلد إسبانيا [1][2] العاصمة بلنسية التقسيم الأعلى منطقة بلنسية خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 39°20′00″N 0°50′00″W / 39.333333333333°N 0.83333333333333°W / 39.333333333333...
Wali Kota MadiunPetahanaMaidisejak 2019Pemerintah Daerah Kota MadiunMasa jabatan2019-2024Dibentuk20 Juni 1918Pejabat pertamaMr. K. A. SchotmanSitus webSitus Resmi Kota Madiun Sejak masa Hindia Belanda, Madiun adalah suatu gemeente yang berpemerintahan sendiri (swapraja) karena komunitas Belanda yang bekerja di berbagai perkebunan dan industri tidak ingin diperintah oleh Bupati. Sebagai suatu kota swapraja, Madiun didirikan 20 Juni 1918, dengan dipimpin pertama kali oleh asisten residen M...
AuthorsRoger Wagner and Andrew BriggsCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish, SpanishGenreHistory of sciencePublisherOxford University PressPublication dateFebruary 2016Media typePrint (Hardcover)Pages496ISBN978-0-19-874795-6 The Penultimate Curiosity: How science swims in the slipstream of ultimate questions is a book jointly written by English author and artist Roger Wagner and English scientist Andrew Briggs, which sets out to answer one of the most important, vexed, and profound questio...
Central American ethnic group ItzaTotal population2,926[1]Regions with significant populationsLanguagesItzaʼ, SpanishReligionChristianity(Roman Catholic, Evangelical) El Castillo at Chichen Itza The sacred cenote that gave its name to Chichen Itza. The Itza are a Maya ethnic group native to the Péten region of northern Guatemala and parts of Belize. The majority of Itza are inhabitants of the city of Flores on Lake Petén Itzá, and nearby portions of Belize where they form an ethni...
British TV series or program RockfaceThe cast of Rockface (L-R): Cal MacAninch, Zoë Eeles, Rupert Evans, Brendan Coyle, Melanie Gutteridge, Jamie Sives, Clive Russell and Richard GrahamGenreDramaCreated byNicholas Hicks-BeachShelley MillerStarring Clive Russell Brendan Coyle Cal MacAninch Richard Graham Zoë Eeles Melanie Gutteridge Jamie Sives Rupert Evans Kenneth Bryans Louise Goodall Kim Vithana Jan Harvey Barbara Rafferty ComposerColin TownsCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal la...
CDU CSU SPD-Logo FDP-Logo Wahlplakat für die Weimarer Koalition (1924) Unter einer schwarz-rot-gelben Koalition oder auch Deutschland-Koalition[1] versteht man in Deutschland eine Koalition aus einer konservativen und/oder christdemokratischen Partei (Parteifarbe schwarz), einer sozialdemokratischen oder sozialistischen (Parteifarbe Rot), und einer liberalen Partei (Parteifarbe Gelb). Die erste Koalition dieser Art war die 1919 in der Weimarer Nationalversammlung gebildete Weimarer K...
Disulfuric acid Names IUPAC name Disulfuric acid [1] Other names Pyrosulfuric acid, Oleum Identifiers CAS Number 7783-05-3 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive imageInteractive imageInteractive image ChEBI CHEBI:29211 Y ChemSpider 56433 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.029.069 EC Number 231-976-8 MeSH Pyrosulfuric+acid PubChem CID 62682 UNII NTC1O8E83E N CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID7064817 InChI InChI=1S/H2O7S2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6) YKey: VFNGKCDDZUSWLR-U...
Unión Cívica Radical Intransigente Líder Arturo Frondizi Oscar AlendeFundación 10 de febrero de 1957Disolución 24 de junio de 1972Precedido por Unión Cívica RadicalIdeología DesarrollismoRadicalismoEconomía social de mercadoNacionalismo cívicoSocioliberalismoPosición CentroFacciones:Centroderecha[1] a centroizquierda[2]Sucesor Partido Intransigente (1972)Movimiento de Integración y Desarrollo (1964)Sede Buenos AiresPaís ArgentinaColores ...
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