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Trinità dei Monti
Trinità dei Monti
Church of the Most Holy Trinity on the Mounts
Chiesa della Santissima Trinità dei Monti
	Facade
	Click on the map to see marker
	41°54′21″N 12°29′01″E / 41.90592°N 12.48364°E
Location	Piazza della Trinità dei Monti 3, Rome
Country	Italy
Language(s)	Italian, French
Denomination	Catholic
Tradition	Roman Rite
Religious order	Emmanuel Community
Website	trinitadeimonti.net
History
Status	titular church,; national church
Founded	1502
Founder(s)	Louis XII of France
Dedication	Holy Trinity
Consecrated	1585
Associated people	Francois Jacquier, O.M.
Architecture
Architect(s)	Giacomo Della Porta, Annibale Lippi, Carlo Maderno
Architectural type	Renaissance
Groundbreaking	1502
Administration
Diocese	Rome

The Church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti, often called simply Trinità dei Monti (French: La Trinité-des-Monts), is a Roman Catholic late Renaissance titular church, part of a monastery complex in Rome. It is best known for its position above the Spanish Steps which lead down to the famous Piazza di Spagna. The church is entrusted to the Emmanuel Community,^[1] and is one of the five Francophone Catholic churches in Rome.

History

In 1494, King Charles VIII of France bought a portion of the ancient Gardens of Lucullus from the papal scholar and former Patriarch of Aquileia, Ermolao Barbaro. He then obtained the authorization from Pope Alexander VI to establish a monastery on this land for the French friars of the Minim Order. He did this in honor of the friars' founder, Francis of Paola, a hermit from Calabria, who had gone to France at the request of his father, King Louis XI to attempt the king's healing. In 1502, Louis XII of France began construction of the church of the Trinità dei Monti next to this monastery, to celebrate his successful invasion of the Kingdom of Naples. The noted mathematician and physicist, Francois Jacquier, a Minim friar, (1711-1788) was a member of this community for much of his life.

Except for the years of the French Revolution, the church and monastery remained in the possession of the Minim Friars until 1828. At that point, the complex was given to the Religious of the Sacred Heart, a French religious congregation dedicated to the Christian education of young women of higher social status. When the Sisters closed their school in 2006, the complex was given to the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem, a new Paris-based monastic Order, till 2016, when the French bishops and government agreed to transfer the property to the newly-founded institute of the Emmanuel Community, part of the charismatic movement.

Architecture

Building work began in a French style with pointed late Gothic arches, but construction lagged.^{[citation needed]} The present Italian Renaissance church was eventually built in its place and finally consecrated in 1585 by the great urbanizer Pope Sixtus V, whose via Sistina connected the Piazza della Trinità dei Monti (outside the church) to the Piazza Barberini across the city. The architect of the facade is not known for certain, but Wolfgang Lotz suggests that it may have originated in a design by Giacomo della Porta (a follower of Michelangelo), who had built the church of Sant'Atanasio dei Greci, which has similarities, a little earlier.^[2] The double staircase in front of the church was by Domenico Fontana.^[3]

In front of the church stands the Obelisco Sallustiano, one of the many obelisks in Rome, moved here in 1789. It is a Roman obelisk made in imitation of Egyptian ones, originally constructed in the early years of the Roman Empire for the Gardens of Sallust near the Porta Salaria.^[4] The hieroglyphic inscription was copied from that on the obelisk in the Piazza del Popolo known as Flaminio Obelisk.

During the Napoleonic occupation of Rome, the church, like many others, was looted of its art and decorations. In 1816, after the Bourbon restoration, the church was restored at the expense of King Louis XVIII.^[5]

The inscriptions found in Santissima Trinità dei Monti, a valuable source illustrating the history of the church, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella.^[6]

Interior

In the first chapel to the right is a Baptism of Christ and other scenes of the life of John the Baptist by the Florentine Mannerist painter Giambattista Naldini. In the third chapel on the right is an Assumption of the Virgin by a pupil of Michelangelo, Daniele da Volterra (the last figure on the right is said to be a portrait of Michelangelo).^[5] In the fourth chapel, the Cappella Orsini, are scenes of the Passion of Christ by Paris Nogari and the funeral monument of Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi by Leonardo Sormani.^[7] In a chapel near the high altar is a canvas of the Crucifixion painted by Cesare Nebbia.

In the Cappella Pucci, on the left, are frescoes (1537) by Perino del Vaga finished by Federico and Taddeo Zuccari in 1589. The second chapel on the left has a well-known canvas of the Deposition by Daniele da Volterra; flanking it are frescoes by Pablo de Céspedes and Cesare Arbasia. The first chapel on the left has frescoes by Nebbia. In the sacristy anteroom are more frescoes by Taddeo Zuccari: a Coronation of the Virgin, an Annunciation, and a Visitation.

In a niche along a corridor that opens onto the cloister is the fresco (reputed to be miraculous) of the Mater Admirabilis, depicting the Virgin Mary, painted by Pauline Perdreau, a young French girl, in 1844.^[8]

Monastery

The refectory has a frescoed ceiling by Andrea Pozzo. In the cloister there is an astrolabes table, and along a corridor are the anamorphic frescoes (steeply sloping perspectives that have to be viewed from a particular point to make pictorial sense), portraying St John on Patmos and St Francis of Paola as a hermit all by Emmanuel Maignan (1637). An upper room was painted with ruins by Charles-Louis Clérisseau.

Gallery

The Nave
The High Altar
Deposition by
Wilhelm Achtermann
Assumption of the Virgin by Daniele da Volterra
Descent from the Cross by Daniele da Volterra
The Virgin Mary (the fresco known as
'Mater Admirabilis')

Religious administration

The kings of France remained patrons of the church until the French Revolution and the church continued to be the church of the Minim Friars until its partial destruction in 1798.^[9]

It has been a titular church since the Titulus Santissimae Trinitatis in Monte Pincio was established by Pope Sixtus V in 1587 and has been held ever since by a French Cardinal. The current (2010) Cardinal Priest is Philippe Barbarin, Archbishop of Lyon and Primate of the Gauls.

By the Diplomatic Conventions of 14 May and 8 September 1828 between the Holy See and the Government of France the church and monastery were entrusted to the 'Religieuses du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus' (Society of the Sacred Heart), a French religious order, for the purpose of educating young girls.

In 2003 the French government were proposing to make funds available for necessary work on the church but was concerned that the Society might find it difficult to continue their work there in the future and in March 2003 the Society decided that it would withdraw from the Trinità no later than the summer of 2006. On 12 July 2005, the Vatican and the French Embassy to the Holy See announced that the Church, Convent and school would be entrusted from 1 September 2006 to the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem.^[10]

Since 2016 the care of the Trinité des Monts complex has been entrusted to the Emmanuel Community through an agreement by the Holy See and the French Government.

References

^ "'Avenant' tra la Santa Sede e la Repubblica francese alle Convenzioni diplomatiche e agli 'Avenants' relativi alla chiesa e al convento della Trinità dei Monti, 25.07.2016" ["Avenant” " between the Holy See and the French Republic to the Diplomatic Conventions and the "Avenants" relating to the church and convent of the Trinità dei Monti, 07.25.2016]. Vatican.va (in Italian and French). Retrieved 25 July 2016.
^ Lotz p.123, and also on p.184 (note 40) referring, on the question of the authorship, typology and dating of the facades of S Atanasio and this church, to G. Giovannoni: Saggi sull'architettura del rinascimento (2nd edn. Milan. 1953) pp.219ff. Touring Club Italiano, Roma e dintorni (1965:269) attributed the facade to Carlo Maderno but Howard Hibberd's Carlo Maderno and Roman Architecture 1580–1630 (London. 1971) does not mention this church as a work of Maderno or even as a work wrongly attributed to him.
^ Macadam p.171; TCI 1965.
^ Touring Club Italiano 1965:269.
^ ^a ^b Macadam p.171
^ V. Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chese e d' altre edifici di Roma, dal secolo XI fino al secolo XVI Volume III (Roma: Fratelli Bencini, 1873), pp. 104–170. [in Italian and Latin]
^ TCI 1965:270.
^ "Visions of Jesus Christ.com – Miraculous fresco Mater Admirabilis, Mother Most Admirable". www.visionsofjesuschrist.com. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
^ Hutton p.245
^ RSJCinternational.org Archived 1 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, website of the Society of the Sacred Heart for the history of the change

Additional sources

Maillard, Sébastien (25 July 2016). "A Rome, la Trinité-des-Monts est confiée à la communauté de l'Emmanuel". La Croix (in French).
Hutton, Edward: Rome (1911. 7th revised & enlarged edn:1950)
Lotz, Wolfgang: Architecture in Italy 1500–1600. (1974. Yale U.P.edition 1995)
Macadam, Alta: Rome (Blue Guides. 6th edition. London. 1998)