Tong lau

Tong lau
A structural drawing of a tong lau. Illustrated by O. Chadwick, 1882.
Traditional Chinese	唐樓
Transcriptions Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Tòhng láu Jyutping Tong4 lau4*2
Ke lau
Traditional Chinese	騎樓
Transcriptions Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Kèh láu Jyutping Ke4 lau4

Nos. 600-626 Shanghai Street, in Mong Kok, Hong Kong

Tong lau or ke lau are tenement buildings built from the late 19th century to the 1960s in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Southern China, and Southeast Asia. Designed for both residential and commercial uses, they are similar in style and function to the shophouses with five-foot way (Min Nan Chinese: têng-á-kha) of Southeast Asia. Over the years, tong lau construction has seen influences of Edwardian-style architecture and later the Bauhaus movement.

Etymology

Tong lau (Cantonese) or tang lou (Mandarin) means "Chinese building" – Tong or Tang (唐) refers to the Tang dynasty and is used as a term to mean Chinese, and lau (樓) is a building with more than one floor. It is a general term for a type of building found in Hong Kong that also developed in Macau and Canton (Guangzhou) from traditional Southern Chinese townhouses.

Architecture

Early 20th century Tong Laus on Dixi Road in Chikan, Kaiping

Early tong lau buildings were generally long and narrow with a width of between 12 and 15 feet (3.7 and 4.6 m), determined by the length of the wooden beams.^[1] In Hong Kong's building regulations, tong lau refers to a building with any living space intended for more than one tenant.^[2] It is essentially a tenement building for residential and commercial use. The ground floor is reserved for commercial use, mostly by small businesses like retail shops and food vendors. The upper floors are for residential use, and cater to Chinese residents of Hong Kong.

Most early tong lau were two-to-four stories tall, due to building regulations that initially limited the height of building to 1.25 times the width of the street with a maximum height of 35 feet (11 m). However, due to the influx of migrants from mainland China to Hong Kong in the 1950s, height control of buildings was relaxed in 1955, and some tong lau that were built after that might have nine or more floors and be built without lifts.^[3] The heyday of tong lau ended in the 1960s when population pressure resulted in many tong lau being demolished to make way for high-rise buildings, along with changes in building ordinances in order to allow for such high-rise buildings.^[4]

Ke lau or qilou (Chinese: 騎樓. meaning "riding building"), is a form of tong lau with an arcade running alongside the road for pedestrian use. The term was originally "kelau with feet" (Chinese: 有腳騎樓; pinyin: youjiao qilou; Jyutping: Jau5goek3 Ke4lau2), which was first used in Canton's building regulations in 1912, and referred to the columns forming the colonnade that supported the projecting floors that "ride" above. The ke lau buildings developed in Guangzhou were influenced by local traditions and the shophouses with five-foot ways of Singapore, which were first built following the instructions of Stamford Raffles given in his town plan soon after the founding of the colony in the early 19th century. Ke lau were built in Southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian) starting in the early 20th century. Most of the ke lau in Guangzhou were built in the 1930s until the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war, and few were built after that period.^[5]

History

Early tong lau

19th-century tong lau in Tai Ping Shan in Hong Kong. The terraced buildings used by the Chinese in the foreground are distinct from the larger buildings used by Europeans higher up in the background.

Early Hong Kongese tong lau mainly consisted of two- or three-story structures built back-to-back in areas such as Tai Ping Shan. 19th-century tong lau synthesized Chinese and European architectural features. While the Chinese component was based on building design from southern China, mainly that of Guangdong Province; European influences were usually Neoclassical. The tong lau roof used wood and/or Xieding tiles and iron was used for the balconies. The balcony's design was based on Cantonese styles. Windows used French styling and were made of wood and glass. The upper floors were supported by brick pillars and protruded out to the edge of the street.^{[citation needed]}

Inside, the floors were connected by wooden stairs. Most floors ranged from 450 to 700 square feet with very high ceilings. Top floors were often living quarters for shopkeepers and their family.

Other architectural features of early tong lau are:^{[citation needed]}

• granite capped balustrades
• decorative urns on the roof
• wooden floors and joists
• Canton floor tiles

Lui Seng Chun in Mong Kok, Hong Kong, was built in 1931.

In 1903, in response to an outbreak of bubonic plague, the Hong Kong government issued a set of new regulations for tong lau so as to improve the living conditions for inhabitants in these buildings. New tong lau buildings needed to have a light well, have larger windows, and the buildings were limited to four floors so their residents can receive sufficient light. The frontage were set at 15 feet, and at the back there needed to be a six-foot lane, so as to remove back-to-back constructions. Roof tiles were also replaced by flat concrete roofs.^[6]

In the 1920s, reinforced concrete began to be introduced as the main structural element, which allowed for a veranda as well as cantilevered or recessed balconies to let in extra light.^[6] An example of tong lau or ke lau from this period is Lui Seng Chun, a building in reinforced concrete built in Hong Kong in 1931.^[7]

After World War II

Example of tong lau in Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong

The osteopathy clinic in the Blue House, in Wan Chai, Hong Kong

Tong lau built after World War II were simpler in design:

Iron balconies were replaced with concrete ones and later sealed with windows. Roofs were often flat with an open terrace and later renovated to allow for additional residential space. Wooden windows gave way to stainless steel windows. Air conditioning units were added to the windows in the 1970s and 1980s. Often clothes racks were added below the windows and hung above the sidewalk or street below. Signs were hung on the exterior walls and protruded onto the streets below.^{[citation needed]}

Other features of the new tong lau included:^{[citation needed]}

• mosaic floor tiles
• terrazzo staircase

The postwar boom and influx of immigrants led to a shortage of housing in Hong Kong. Many tong lau were renovated to become rental units. In order to become spacious space, each unit was separated from adjacent units through brick party walls, is between 13 and 16 feet wide (about 4 to 5 m).^[8]

The ground floor of a tong lau was used as shop space, but a cockloft was often built on the upper space in front of the partition wall of the kitchen, or utilized as working area. Rooms on the upper floors were divided into smaller rooms and sublet as units by owners; said rooms were only big enough to accommodate bunk beds. The middle of the floor was a common space for tenants to eat and use. Bathrooms and kitchens were also shared among the tenants of each floor. Tenants paid for electricity and water on a monthly basis.^[8]

The subletting of floors in tong lau led to changes in housing regulations in Hong Kong.

After the 1960s, many tong lau were demolished to give way to taller apartment and commercial buildings, especially new town or private apartment. Fewer Tong Lau are relatively found in Hong Kong today.^[9]

On 29 January 2010, No. 45J Ma Tau Wai Road, Ma Tau Wai, a five-story-tall tong lau of more than 50 years history, suddenly collapsed at approximately 1:43 pm. Four people were killed. Such spontaneous, cascading and complete building collapse in Hong Kong has been quite rare since the Second World War and the incident raised concern of the HKSAR Government and the Hong Kong public towards the safety of the aging tong lau in Hong Kong, especially those built with similar specifications 50 or more years ago.^[10]

Location

Mainland China

Shophouses on Paifang Street, Chaozhou

Shopping street in Guangzhou

Ke lau in Xiamen

Ke lau styles varied from Chinese to European:^{[citation needed]}

• Gothic Style
• Nanyang (Southeast Asia) Style
• Ancient Roman Gallery Style
• Imitation Baroque Style
• Modernisme　
• Traditional Chinese Architectural Style

Guangdong

Southern China, namely cities in Guangdong Province, is the birthplace of tong lau and ke lau. They were built by wealthy Chinese merchants in the cities like Guangzhou and, with the aid of overseas Chinese, in emigrant market towns like Chikan, Kaiping.^[11]

Locations in Guangzhou with Ke lau:

• Renmin Zhong Road (人民中路)
• Renmin Nan Road (人民南路)
• Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street, including Dishifu Road (上下九步行街)
• Yide Road especially area around the Sacred Heart Stone House Cathedral (一德路)
• Wanfu Road (萬福路)
• Taikang Road (泰康路)
• Xinhua Bookstore of Science and Technology on Beijing Road (北京路)
• Oi Kwan Hotel on Yanjiangxi Road (沿江西路)
• 186 Wenming Road (文明路)
• 139 Dezheng Nan Road (德政南路)

Hainan and Guangxi

As both Hainan Island and the eastern part of the Guangxi Province lie in the broader Cantonese sphere of linguistical and cultural influence and historically were part of Guangdong, several cities and towns also have this kind of architecture.

Beihai

The city of Beihai lies on the coast in Guangxi. The Old Sheng Ping Street (升平街舊址) is lined with 'ke lau architecture. Life and trade thrived here in the 19th century. Today it is full of restaurants, souvenir shops and adorned with sculptures and boards with information about local culture.

Haikou

The historical Bo'ai Road area is located in the heart of the Hainan capital city of Haikou. Nearly all the buildings here are of tong lau style. Beginning in 2012, the entire area has been undergoing restoration. It started with Zhongshan Road, now completed and converted into a pedestrian zone. The restoration is currently expanding outward with the facades being replastered and painted. Lights facing toward the facades to illuminate them at night are now installed on many of the buildings. With road repair ongoing, and new, tourist-related businesses replacing the old shops, the entire area is being developed as a visitor attraction.^{[citation needed]}

Chengmai

The southern part of the town of Chengmai, located in Chengmai County, Hainan, has an area adjacent to the Nandu River that consists of numerous, dilapidated tong lau buildings.^{[citation needed]}

Wenchang

The tong lau buildings in the city of Wenchang's "Wennan Old Street" have been completely restored. Unlike Haikou's Bo'ai Road area, the facades are unpainted and are gray in appearance. The area is located downtown and is a visitor attraction.^{[citation needed]}

Puqian

An area within the town of Puqian, mostly consisting of a single street, is lined with tong lau buildings. This street is the main route from the port to the city center. However, the tong lau buildings here are in serious disrepair. In fact, many of them are structurally unsafe.^{[citation needed]}

• 
  Bo'ai Road area in Haikou
• 
  Tong lau building in Chengmai town
• 
  Wenchang City's "Wennan Old Street"
• 
  Tong lau buildings in Puqian

Macau

Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro in Macau

Tong lau are also found in Macau on Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro near the Largo do Senado. They are better preserved in Macau, where they did not give way to newer buildings. Upper floors no longer house people and often are assigned for commercial use. Tong lau here often feature Portuguese colonial architectural influences.^{[citation needed]}

Hong Kong

The existence of tong lau was a culmination of a series of historic forces including the economic development of Hong Kong, the Second World War, and the influx of Chinese migrants to Hong Kong.^[12]

In 1898, the government introduced a building and public health ordinance which defined all the buildings including tong lau. In 1903, the government introduced a four-story limit as well as a maximum height per story of 9 feet (2.7 m). This explains the general appearance of tong lau. The ordinance changed in 1962; this became fully operative in 1966, and no tong lau was built later.^[13]

Tong laus are mainly distributed in the following areas in Hong Kong: Cheung Chau,^[14] Kennedy Town,^[15] Shek Tong Tsui,^[16] Sai Ying Pun,^[17] Sheung Wan,^[18] Central,^[19] Wan Chai,^[20] Causeway Bay,^[21] Happy Valley,^[22] Tai Hang,^[23] North Point,^[24] Quarry Bay,^[25] Sai Wan Ho,^[26] Shau Kei Wan,^[27] Chai Wan, Aberdeen,^[28] Tin Wan,^[29] Ap Lei Chau,^[30] Stanley,^[31] Tsim Sha Tsui,^[32] Yau Ma Tei,^[33] Mong Kok,^[34] Tai Kok Tsui,^[35] Sham Shui Po,^[36] Cheung Sha Wan,^[37] Shek Kip Mei,^[38] Hung Hom,^[39] To Kwa Wan,^[40] Ma Tau Wai,^[41] Ho Man Tin,^[42] Kowloon City,^[43] Wong Tai Sin,^[44] San Po Kong,^[45] Lok Fu,^[46] Tsz Wan Shan,^[47] Ngau Chi Wan,^[48] Kwun Tong,^[49] Ngau Tau Kok,^[50] Cha Kwo Ling,^[51] Kwai Chung,^[52] Tsuen Wan,^[53] Tuen Mun,^[54] Yuen Long,^[55] Tai Wai,^[56] Tai Po,^[57] Luen Wo Hui,^[51] Sheung Shui,^[58] Sha Tau Kok,^[51] Sai Kung Town,^[59] and Tai O.^[60]

There are a number of extant tong lau in Hong Kong:

Hong Kong Island

Image	Address	Area	Grade	Notes	References
	Nos. 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 Third Street 22.28588°N 114.139358°E / 22.28588; 114.139358 (Nos. 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 Third Street)	Shek Tong Tsui	Nil		[61]
	207 Des Voeux Road West (zh) 22.288056°N 114.142222°E / 22.288056; 114.142222 (207 Des Voeux Road West)	Sai Ying Pun	Grade II
	Nos. 67 & 69 Des Voeux Road West 22.287908°N 114.14601°E / 22.287908; 114.14601 (Nos. 67 & 69 Des Voeux Road West)	Sai Ying Pun	Proposed Grade III	Demolished	[1]
	No. 1 Queen's Road West 22.28633°N 114.14876°E / 22.28633; 114.14876 (No. 1 Queen's Road West)	Sheung Wan	Grade III		[62]
	Nos. 172, 174, 176 Queen's Road Central / Nos. 123, 125, 127 Wellington Street 22.284684°N 114.15338°E / 22.284684; 114.15338 (Nos. 172-176 Queen's Road Central)	Central	Grade I		[62]
	306 Queen's Road Central	Central	Not listed
	Tak Wing Pawn Shop Nos. 72 Des Voeux Road Central 22.283899°N 114.156146°E / 22.283899; 114.156146 (Tak Wing Pawn Shop)	Central	Pending
	Nos. 17, 19 Shing Wong Street	Central	Not listed
	Nos. 1–12 Wing Lee Street	Central	Not listed		[63]
	23-33 Haven Street	Causeway Bay	Not listed
	Yellow House Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8 Hing Wan Street	Wan Chai	Grade III[62]
	Woo Cheong Pawn Shop Nos. 60–66 Johnston Road 22.276315°N 114.171431°E / 22.276315; 114.171431 (Nos. 60–66 Johnston Road (Woo Cheong Pawn Shop))	Wan Chai	Grade II		[62] [2]
	No. 8 King Sing Street	Wan Chai	Nil		[62]
	Green House Nos. 1–11 Mallory Street and 6–12 Burrows Street	Wan Chai	Grade II[62]
	Nos. 186–190 Queen's Road East	Wan Chai	Grade III[62][64]
	No. 6 Stewart Road (zh)	Wan Chai	Grade III		[62]
	Blue House Nos. 72-74A Stone Nullah Lane	Wan Chai	Grade I[62]
	No. 18 Ship Street 22.275967°N 114.170882°E / 22.275967; 114.170882 (No. 18 Ship Street)	Wan Chai	Grade II[62]
	Nos. 109 and 111 Lockhart Road 22.278253°N 114.172375°E / 22.278253; 114.172375 (Nos. 109 and 111 Lockhart Road)	Wan Chai	Grade III
	Nos. 284 & 286 Lockhart Road 22.278537°N 114.177196°E / 22.278537; 114.177196 (Nos. 284 & 286 Lockhart Road)	Wan Chai	Not listed
	Tung Tak Pawn Shop 22.27895°N 114.17962°E / 22.27895; 114.17962 (Tung Tak Pawn Shop)	Wan Chai	Grade III	Demolished
	Nos. 89, 91 Electric Road 22.284913°N 114.191541°E / 22.284913; 114.191541 (No. 89 Electric Road) 22.284965°N 114.191536°E / 22.284965; 114.191536 (No. 91 Electric Road)	North Point	Nil		[3] [4]

Kowloon

Image	Address	Area	Grade	Notes	References
	No. 119 Lai Chi Kok Road (Lui Seng Chun)	Mong Kok	Declared
	No. 729 Nathan Road	Mong Kok	Grade III		[62]
	Nos. 1, 3 Playing Field Road	Mong Kok	Grade III		[65]
	Nos. 177–179, 190–204, 210–212 Prince Edward Road West	Mong Kok	Grade II		[62][66]
	Nos. 600–606, 612, 614, 620–626 Shanghai Street	Mong Kok	Grade I[62][66]
	Nos. 1166 and 1168 Canton Road 22.322829°N 114.166507°E / 22.322829; 114.166507 (Nos. 1166 and 1168 Canton Road)	Mong Kok	Grade III
	No. 23 Argyle Street 22.319156°N 114.167439°E / 22.319156; 114.167439 (No. 23 Argyle Street)	Mong Kok	Nil
	45 Ma Tau Wai Road	Hok Yuen	Not listed
	Nos. 1 & 3 Hau Wong Road	Kowloon City	Grade III
	Nos. 187, 189 Apliu Street	Sham Shui Po	Grade II (No. 189)		[62]
	No. 1235 Canton Road	Sham Shui Po	Grade III		[62]
	Nos. 130, 132 Ki Lung Street	Sham Shui Po	Grade III		[62]
	Nos. 117, 119, 121, 123, 125 Nam Cheong Street	Sham Shui Po	Grade III[62]
	No. 58 Pei Ho Street	Sham Shui Po	Grade II		[62]
	No. 75 Un Chau Street 22.332549°N 114.162749°E / 22.332549; 114.162749 (No. 75 Un Chau Street)	Sham Shui Po	Grade III
	No. 142 Un Chau Street	Sham Shui Po	Not listed		[62]
	No. 170 Yee Kuk Street	Sham Shui Po	Grade II		[62]
	Nos. 51, 53 Yen Chow Street 22.332549°N 114.161465°E / 22.332549; 114.161465 (Nos. 51, 53 Yen Chow Street)	Sham Shui Po	Grade I	Built in 1932.	[5] [6]
	Nos. 269, 271 Yu Chau Street (zh)	Sham Shui Po	Grade III[62]
	No. 96 Apliu Street	Sham Shui Po	Grade II	Demolished in 2022
	No. 62 Fuk Wing Street	Sham Shui Po	Grade III
	301 & 303 Castle Peak Road (zh)	Cheung Sha Wan	Grade II
	No. 14 Nam Cheong Street	Sham Shui Po	Not listed	Built in 1964.

New Territories

Image	Address	Area	Grade	Notes	References
	Nos. 46, 48 Kat Hing Street, Tai O	Tai O	Grade III		[62]
	No. 31 Lee Yick Street, Yuen Long Kau Hui	Yuen Long	Grade II	Demolished
	Nos. 33–35 Nam Mun Hau, Yuen Long Kau Hui	Yuen Long	Grade III		[62]
	Nos. 1–22 San Lau Street	Sha Tau Kok	Grade II		[62]
	Nos. 233, 234, 242 Tai San Back Street	Cheung Chau	Grade III		[62]

See also

• Arcade
• Five-foot way
• Architecture of Hong Kong
• Lingnan architecture
• Housing in Hong Kong
• Terraced house

References

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External links

• Lee Ho Yin (19 April 2010). "Pre-war tong lau: A Hong Kong Shophouse Typology" (PDF). Heritage World Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2016.
• Conserve and Revitalise Hong Kong Heritage
• Mallory Street/Burrows Street Project Archived 1 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine
• Heritage enthusiast battles against the wrecker's ball
• Old Qilou Buildings: Historical Architecture in Guangzhou (Part 1)
• Old Qilou Buildings: Historical Architecture in Guangzhou (Part 2)
• Tong Lau: A Hong Kong Shophouse Typology
• Hong Kong's Disappearing Tong Lau (2017) by Stefan Irvine
• A Nostalgic Photo Trip of Tong Lau in Sheung Wan copyright by Canon (2017)