Tell Zurghul

Tell Zurghul

Tell Zurghul Shown within Iraq
Location	Dhi Qar Province, Iraq
Region	Mesopotamia
Coordinates	31°22′36.53976″N 46°29′44.61918″E
Type	Settlement
Area	70 ha
History
Founded	3rd millennium BC
Site notes
Archaeologists	Robert Koldewey, Davide Nadali, Andrea Polcaro

Tell Zurghul, also spelled Tell Surghul, is an archaeological site in Dhi Qar Governorate (Iraq). It lies on an ancient canal leading from Lagash of which is lies 10 km to the south-east.^[1] Its ancient name was the cuneiform read as Niĝin (or Nina or Ninua). The city god was Nanshe (Nanše), who had temples there (E-sirara) and at nearby Girsu. She was the daughter of Enki and sister of Ningirsu and Nisaba.^[2] Niĝin, along with the cities of Girsu and Lagash, was part of the State of Lagash in the later part of the 3rd Millennium BC.

Archaeology

According to the current excavators, Tell Zurghul covers 70 hectares with two mounds. One mound, known as Mound A, stands 15 meters high and is the site of ancient Nigin. The other mound, Mound B, is about 150 meters to the south and rises to 5 meters in height. Additionally, there is an extensive Lower Town. The western edge of the site features a 200 x 150m feature (Area C) that remains unidentified.^[3]

On January 31, 1885, the site, then called Surghul, was visited by William Hayes Ward.^[4][5] During the winter of 1913-14 Comte Aymar de Liedekerke-Beaufort visited Surghul.^[6] In 1926, the site was visited during an archaeological survey of southern Mesopotamia by Raymond P. Dougherty of Yale University under the auspices of the American Schools of Oriental Research. He reported that it covered 200 acres and had two mounds, on 45 feet high and the other 25 feet high. The few scattered finds were mainly pottery shards, flint saw blades, and broken bricks. Some bricks and a cone had an inscription of Gudea. The mounds were surrounded by water.^[7] In the 1970s, American archaeologists working at nearby Lagash visited twice collecting, 4 bricks and 12 cones.^[8]

The first excavations at Tell Zurghul, led Robert Koldewey, occurred January 4 to February 1887 under the auspices of the Royal Prussian Museums for Berlin. Besides digging long, deep trenches in Area A and Area B, Koldewey collected 16 clay cones. A number of graves, both interments and cremations, were examined during this period. Unfortunately, as is often the case with early excavations, very little information is available regarding excavation records from Koldewey's efforts.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Since 2015 Zurghul has been excavated by Italian Archaeological Expedition, under the auspices of Sapienza University of Rome and Perugia University, led by Davide Nadali and Andrea Polcaro.^[13] Work was continued in 2016, 2017, 2019 and the most recent excavation season in 2021. Another season is planned for 2022.^[14][3][15] There is a deep cut (35 meters by 3.5 meters) in the south-eastern slope of the larger mound (Mound B) from the German excavations. A small (6.5 meters by 5.5 meters) pit was found at the top of that mound and is assumed to also be from the German excavations.^[16]

One foundation tablet and one foundation figurine of Gudea were found at Tell Zurghul.^[17][18]

Area A

In the excavations led by Davide Nadali and Andrea Polcaro in 2015-2016, an open area of 15m by 10m was opened at the base of Area A, at its southern side. This area was selected due to its topographical location in a central area of Tell Zurghul, and for the presence of gypsum bricks that had been revealed due to erosion from the rain.^[3]

This excavation revealed different architectural layers belonging to a large mud-brick building, which has been identified so far as two main historical phases, as well as a large courtyard with a beaten earth floor to the west of the building, delimited by an outer wall. Part of the building contains a room with a partially preserved western and northern wall, the northern wall being made of Riemchen mud-bricks, whilst the upper part of the western wall was made of gypsum bricks. Several jars typical of the Jemdet Nasr period were found deposited within the room, as well as goblets in an inner room.^[13]

In the courtyard, a tannur oven with a bench was recovered, as well as several conical bowls containing residue of organic matter alongside several flint blades and an obsidian blade. Traces of an installation thought to be a small table were also detected immediately south of the tannur. This area has thus been interpreted as a production area, specifically one for the cooking of food.^[19]

3-D reconstruction of Area D by Kaykaybot

3-D reconstruction of Area A by lswlam

Area B

Area B is located on the western side of Mound B. It was excavated in 2015, 2017, 2019, and 2021. Finds, including seven censers (pottery stands) similar to those found in Eridu Temple VI, have been all from the Ubaid 4 period. Three occupational layers have been exposed. In 2019 the area was extended into the area of the old German pit. In this portion remains from Ubaid to Ur III were found, including a brick of Entemena of Lagash and a geometric stamp seal.

Area C

This section, in the Lower Town, has so far only been subjected to a surface survey.^[14]

Area D

Area D is located at the top of Mound A, on its southern slope. The site was first excavated by Koldewey in 1887, where due to the use of a large sounding trench, heavy erosion of the upper strata was observed in later excavation.^[13]

In 2015-2017, Nadali and Polcaro sought to locate the location of the temple complex Sirara, dedicated to the goddess Nanshe.^[20] The temple was said to be built by Gudea, and described as the “Mountain Lifted Above All (Other) Houses”. The south-eastern foot of Mound A was found to contain inscribed cones and bricks from Gudea, hypothesised to have slid down from the original location of the temple at the top of the mound over time.^[21]

Nadali and Polcaro opened a 11 x 10m trench to the south of Koldewey's sounding trench in order to analyse the nature and stratigraphy of Mound A. The excavations revealed two phases of terracing and levelling. This artificial terracing of mud with baked brick fragments contributed to the shape of Mound A. Pottery and other materials found on these platforms were attributed to the Akkad/ Ur III period, corresponding to the rule of Gudea.^[22] The excavations also demonstrated an accumulation of strata that may be explained by the continuous destruction and rebuilding of the sacred site.^[13]

At present, there is no archaeological evidence reported at Area D that can be identified as the Sirara temple without a doubt. One hypothesis is that stratification of the mound began in the early 3rd millennium BCE, before Gudea (who ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE) refurbished the site and built Sirara on top.^[20]

Area E

Work in this section, along the south-western slope of Mound A, began in 2019. The goal was to determine occupation before the building of the temple by Gudea. So far recoveries are from the Early Akkadian period.

Area F

This is located in the Lower Town to the west of the main mounds. The work was started in 2021 after a 2017 drone survey found indications of possible rectilinear structures. Sections eximined so far appear to have been used for cooking. Work will continue here in 2022.^[14]

History

Excavations have found stratified evidence of occupation in the Ubaid period (Ubaid 4), Late Uruk period, Early Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic I period.^[23][24][25] Out of context finds and textual evidence support a strong occupation in the Early Dynastic III Period of the First and Second Dynasties of Lagash. The former is represented by inscriptions of Enmetena and the latter by those of Gudea who was responsible for major rebuilding of Sirara, the temple of the goddess Nanshe originally built by Ur-Nanshe.^[26] The city was recorded as having been destroyed by the Elamites about the time of the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur. ‘The Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur' has Nanshe declaring "Alas, the destroyed city, my destroyed temple!".^[27] The excavators have speculated that the paucity of Early Dynastic III remains is the result of that destruction.

See also

• Cities of the ancient Near East

References

1. [1] Jeremy A. Black, "A Note on Zhurgal", Sumer, vol. 46, pp. 71-83, 1989-90
2. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. "The Goddess Nanše an Attempt to Identify Her Representation." Iraq, vol. 54, pp. 79–82, 1992
3. Davide Nadali and Andrea Polcaro and Lorenzo Verderame, "New Inscriptions of Gudea from Tell Surghul/Niĝin, Iraq", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 16-21 2016, doi:10.1515/za-2016-0002
4. W.H. Ward, "Report on the Wolfe Expedition to Babylonia, 1884–85", Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, 1886
5. Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates; the narrative of the University of Pennsylvania expedition to Babylonia in the years 1888-1921, Volume 1, John Punnett Peters, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897
6. Comte A. de Liedekerke-Beaufort, "Excursion archéologique en Mésopotamie", Babyloniaca, vol. 7, pp. 105-116, 1914
7. Raymond P. Dougherty, "Searching for Ancient Remains in Lower ’Irâq: Report of an Archaeological Survey Made in Southern Babylonia during the First Quarter of 1926.", The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 7, The American Schools of Oriental Research, pp. 1–93 1925,
8. R. D. Biggs, "Inscriptions from al-Hiba–Lagash. The first and second seasons.", BiMes, vol. 3, Malibu, 1976
9. S. K. Huh, "Studien zur Region Lagaš. Von der Ubaid- bis zur altbabylonischen Zeit.", AOAT, vol. 345, Müns, 2008
10. [2]R. Koldewey, "Die altbabylonischen Gräber in Surghul und El Hibba", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, vol. 2, pp. 403-430, 1887
11. "Surghul Und El Hibba 1887". in Walter Andrae ed Babylon: Die versunkene Weltstadt und ihr Ausgräber Robert Koldewey, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 38-44, 2012 doi:10.1515/9783111507194.38
12. H. V. Hilprecht, "German Excavations at Surghul and El-Hibba, under Moritz and Koldewey. The Excavations in Assyria and Babylonia", Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 280-288, 1904, doi:10.9783/9781512816891-012
13. Davide Nadali and Andrea Polcaro, "Preliminary Report on the Third Season of Excavations at Tell Zurghul, ancient Nigin, Iraq", Sumer, vol. LXVI, pp. 109-131, 2020
14. Davide Nadali and Andrea Polcaro, "The Italian archaeological excavations at Tell Zurghul, Ancient Nigin, Iraq: final report of the seasons 2015-2017", Quaderni di Vicino Oriente, vol. 16, Roma Sapienza Università di Roma, 2020 ISBN 8898154151
15. Nadali, Davide, and Andrea Polcaro, "Excavating the Ancient State of Lagash The New Evidence from Tell Zurghul/Nigin", in Ancient Lagash Current Research and Future Trajectories - Proceedings of the Workshop held at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016, pp. 15-30, 2022 ISBN 978-3-7001-8381-5
16. [3] Luca Volpi, "Revisiting the South: a Typochronological Approach to the Analysis of the Ubaid Pottery based on the New Data from Tell Zurghul (Dhi Qar, Iraq)", Paléorient, 48-1, pp. 175-199, 2022
17. Suter, Claudia E., "Minor Sources", Gudea's Temple Building. Brill, pp. 29-70, 2000
18. Tsouparopoulou, Christina, "Hidden messages under the temple: foundation deposits and the restricted presence of writing in 3rd millennium BCE Mesopotamia", Verborgen, unsichtbar, unlesbar: Zur Problematik restringierter Schriftpräsenz (Materiale Textkulturen 2), Berlin, pp. 17-31, 2014
19. Nadali, Davide., & Polcaro, Andrea. (July 17, 2017). In the Field: Tell Zurghul. The International Association for Assyriology. Retrieved from https://iaassyriology.com/in-the-field/
20. Nadali, Davide, "Area D: stratigraphy and architecture of the “Mountain lifted above all (other) houses” at Tell Zurghul, ancient Nigin, Iraq", VICINO ORIENTE. QUADERNO, pp. 35-52, 2020
21. Nadali, Davide; Polcaro, Andrea; Verderame, Lorenzo (2016-06-28). "New Inscriptions of Gudea from Tell Surghul/Niĝin, Iraq". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 106 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1515/za-2016-0002. ISSN 1613-1150. S2CID 164330855.
22. Pappi, Cinzia. "In the Field: Tell Zurghul – The International Association for Assyriology". Retrieved 2022-04-14.
23. D. Nadali and A. Polcaro, "The early stages of the Sumerian City at Tell Zurghul: new results from recent excavations.", Origini-XXXIX: Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche-Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 75-100, 2017
24. Pizzimenti, Sara, "From Uruk to Jemdet Nasr in Southern Mesopotamia. New Data from the 2015 Excavations in Area A at Tell Zurghul", in Ancient Lagash Current Research and Future Trajectories, Proceedings of the Workshop held at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016, pp. 51-66, 2022
25. Vacca, Agnese, "The Ubaid Period at Tell Zurghul Preliminary Results from the Area B Excavations and their Significance in a Regional Perspective", in Ancient Lagash Current Research and Future Trajectories, Proceedings of the Workshop held at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016, pp. 31-50, 2022
26. D. Nadali and L. Verderame, "Fragments Of The Third Miillennium BC From Nigin.", Iraq, vol. 83, pp. 105-118, 2021 doi:10.1017/irq.2021.10
27. P. Michalowski, "The Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur.", Eisenbrauns, 1989 ISBN 978-0-931464-43-0

Further reading

• Casadei, E., and V. Oselini, "Is there a 2nd millennium BC phase at Tell Zurghul? Preliminary considerations on area C ceramic assemblage", VICINO ORIENTE, QUADERNO 16, pp. 163-181, 2020
• Caselli, Alessandra, and Titolo Andrea, "Tools and objects from Tell Zurghul excavations (2015-2017)", VICINO ORIENTE. QUADERNO 16, pp. 183-218, 2020
• Iacobucci, Giulia, et al., "Geomorphology of the lower Mesopotamian plain at Tell Zurghul archaeological site", Journal of Maps, pp. 1–14, 2022 doi:10.1080/17445647.2022.2112772
• Nadali, Davide, "Area B: stratigraphy and architecture of the temples mound at Tell Zurghul, Iraq", VICINO ORIENTE. QUADERNO, pp. 1-17, 2020
• Nadali, Davide, "Cities in the water: Waterscape and evolution of urban civilisation in southern Mesopotamia as seen from Tell Zurghul, Iraq", Southern Iraq's Marshes: Their Environment and Conservation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 15–31, 2021
• Nadali, Davide, and Andrea Polcaro, "Tell Zurghul, Ancient Nigin, Iraq: Preliminary Report of the New Results from Recent Excavations", Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Volume 2 Field Reports Islamic Archaeology, Harrassowitz, 2023
• Pauselli, Cristina, et al, "Grain size characterization of Tell Zurghul (Iraq)", Quaderni di Vicino Oriente. Vol. 16. Davide Natali e Andrea Polcaro, pp. 243-248, 2020
• Verderame, Lorenzo, "Inscribed objects from Zurghul, ancient Nina/Niĝin", VICINO ORIENTE. QUADERNO, pp. 219-236, 2020
• Volpi, Luca, and Pamela Fragnoli, "Petrography-based discrimination of production areas within southern Mesopotamia: new data on the Ubaid pottery from Tell Zurghul (Dhi Qar, Iraq)" Origini, pp. 35–62, 2021
• Volpi, Luca, "An Assessment on the Ubaid Pottery from Area B, Tell Zurghul (Southern Iraq)", VICINO ORIENTE. QUADERNO, pp. 53-87, 2020
• Zingarello, Melania, "Searching for 3rd Millennium BC Nigin (Tell Zurghul, Iraq) Archaeological Evidence between Presence and Absence", Proceedings of the Workshop held at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016, pp. 67-83, 2022 ISBN 978-3-7001-8381-5

External links

• The Italian Archaeological Expedition to Tell Zurghul, ancient Nigin
• Epigraphic finds from Tell Zurghul at CDLI
• Presentation by the current excavators of Zurghul, 2021, 1+hr, Youtube
• Nuovi scavi a Nigin / Tell Zurghul - Campagna 2021 - Video (in Italian) - Mar 10, 2022
• Buildings and Temple dated to 3,000 BC unearthed at Tel Zurghul in Iraq - Archaeology News Network - 12/29/2016
• In The Field: Tell Zurghul