Tell Barri

For other places called Kahat, see Kahat (disambiguation).
Tell Barri
View of Tell Barri from the west
Tell Barri is located in Syria
Tell Barri
Shown within Syria
Alternative nameKahat
LocationAl-Hasakah Governorate, Syria
RegionMesopotamia
Coordinates36°44′21″N 41°07′38″E / 36.73917°N 41.12722°E / 36.73917; 41.12722
TypeSettlement
Area37 ha (91 acres)
Height32 m (105 ft)
Site notes
Excavation dates1980-2010
ArchaeologistsPaolo Emilio Pecorella, Mirjo Salvini, Raffaella Pierobon-Benoit

Tell Barri (ancient Kahat) is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in north-eastern Syria in the Al-Hasakah Governorate. Its ancient name was Kahat as proven by a threshold found on the south-western slope of the mound.[1] Tell Barri is situated along the Wadi Jaghjagh, a tributary of the Khabur River.

It lies 22 kilometers away from the site Tell Arbid and 8 kilometers north of the ancient city of Nagar (Tell Brak).

History

The earliest layers discovered at Tell Barri date to the Halaf period. Barri was in the fertile crescent and could benefit from winter rains as well as the river water. This developed the early agriculture of the area.

Early Bronze Age

The site of Tell Barri was inhabited since the fourth millennium BC. Ninevite 5 period pottery from the early 3rd millennium BC was found at the site.[2] Tell Barri came under Akkadian cultural influence. The large urban centre at Tell Brak was nearby.

Middle Bronze Age

In the Middle Bronze IIA, the eighteenth century BC, the city now known as Kahat is attested from the palace archives of Mari. Kahat seems to have been ruled by semi-independent kings. The town then came under the rule of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia, whose capital, Shubat-Enlil, was northeast of Kahat. A seal of a ruler of Kahat, Iamsi-Hadnu (contemporary of Tilabnu of Sehna) was found on a treaty at Tell Leilan.[3] Another treaty found at Leilan was signed by Sūmum, a ruler of Kahat and Ḫaya-abum, the ruler of Šehna.[4] When the empire collapsed, the harem of its king Shamshi-Adad I (r. 1809-1775 BC) sought refuge at Kahat.

Following the death of Shamshi-Adad I, Zimri-Lim of Mari (r. 1775-1761 BC) regain the throne of Mari and eventually conquered Kabiya of Kahat. One of the year names of Zimri-Lim was "Year in which Zimri-Lim seized Kahat".[5][6] Mari retained control over this region until its fall to Hammurabi of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BC).

Late Bronze Age

Stele of Shar-pati-beli, governor of Assur, Naṣibina, Urakka, Kahat, and Masaka. 831 BCE. From Assur, Iraq. Pergamon Museum

Mitannian Period

By the 15th century BC, the town emerged as a religious centre when the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni established itself in the region.[7]

The temple to the Storm god Teshub in Kahat is specifically mentioned in the Shattiwaza treaty of the fourteenth century BC.[8] In 1345 BC, Suppiluliuma I of Hatti defeated the Mitanni stronghold of Carchemish, which led to the defeat of Tushratta of Mitanni. Tushratta was assassinated and the Mitanni Empire entered a civil war. Suppiluliuma entered a treaty with Shattiwaza (r. 1330-1305 BC), son of Tushratta, making the remnants of the Kingdom of Mitanni a vassal of the Hittites, and a buffer-state between Hatti in the west and Assyria in the east.

Middle Assyrian Period

Shortly afterwards the town fell into the hands of the Middle Assyrian Empire. A large palace was built dated to the time of Assyrian ruler Adad-Nirari I (c. 1305 to 1274 BC).[9]

Iron Age

In the Neo-Assyrian Empire period a palace was built by the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta II (891-884 BC) in Kahat.

The town lived on after the end of the Assyrian empire in the seventh century BC as a part of Achaemenid Assyria. Babylonians, Persians, Seleucids, Romans, Byzantine, and Parthians left their trace. The site was inhabited into the Arab period.[10]

Archaeology

View of an excavation area at Tell Barri. Note the person standing in the middle for scale.

The height of the town mound is 32 meters (105 feet), and its base covers 37 hectares (90 acres). There is also a 7 hectare lower town.

In 1980 excavations were begun by a team of Italian archaeologists from the University of Florence, led by Paolo Emilio Pecorella and Mirjo Salvini.[11][12][13] From 2006 until 2010, the dig was conducted by a team from University of Naples Federico II led by Raffaella Pierobon-Benoit.[14]

The town was walled in the second millennium BC, with an acropolis at its centre. Tombs were found at the site. Many ceramics were discovered, which have helped the archaeologists to determine the different strata of occupation of the mound. Artifacts from Tell Barri, including cuneiform tablets, have been taken to the museum of Aleppo.

Significant discoveries include a sacred complex in Area G (third millennium BC). Twenty graves from the Khabur period in the early 2nd millennium BC were excavated there.[15] Also found were the remains of the royal palace of Neo-Assyrian ruler Tukulti-Ninurta II (Area J), and the Great Circuit Wall that surrounds the tell and dates to the Parthian period.[16] Scant traces of Roman occupation have been found in many areas of the site. Recently, Islamic occupation (houses' quarter) has been attested on the northern slope of the mound.

The site has suffered significant looting during the Syrian Civil War.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Georges Dossin, Le Site de la ville de Kahat", Annales Archéologiques de Syrie, vol. 11/12, pp. 197-207, 1961-62
  2. ^ Smogorzewska, Anna, "The Final Stage of Ninevite 5 Pottery: Morphological Types, Technology and Diachronic Analysis from Tell Arbid (North-East Syria)", Iraq, vol. 78, pp. 175–214, 2016
  3. ^ Frayne, Douglas, "Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.), RIM. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press, 1990 ISBN 978-1-4426-7803-3
  4. ^ J. Eidem, "The Royal Archives from Tell Leilan: Old Babylonian Letters and Treaties from the Lower Town Palace East", PIHANS 117, Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Osten, 2011
  5. ^ Mari Letter ARM 28.131
  6. ^ Jean-Marie Durand (1998) Les documents epsitolaires du Palais de Mari, pp. 322-323
  7. ^ D’Agostino, A., "Pottery production and transformation of the social structure in an ‘Assyrian’ settlement from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The Tell Barri case.", in H. Kühne, R. M. Czichon and F. J. Kreppner (eds), Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 29 March–3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin II. Social and Cultural Transformation, The Archaeology of Transitional Periods and Dark Ages. Excavation Reports, Wiesbaden, pp. 47–63, 2008
  8. ^ Charpin, D., "Le temple de Kahat d‘après un document inédit de Mari", MARI, Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires 1, pp. 137–47, 1982
  9. ^ [1] Florio, Giovanni, et al., "Multiscale techniques for 3D imaging of magnetic data for archaeo‐geophysical investigations in the Middle East: The case of Tell Barri (Syria).", Archaeological Prospection 26.4, pp. 379-395, 2019
  10. ^ Palermo, Rocco, "Evidence of Destruction in Tell Barri.", Destruction: Archaeological, Philological and Historical Perspectives, 2013
  11. ^ [2] Pecorella, P. E., "The Italian Excavations at Tell Barri (Kahat) 1980-1985", pp. 47-66 in Eichler, S., Wäfler, M., and Warburton, D., eds. Tall al-Hamidiya 2. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag, 1990
  12. ^ P.E. Pecorella, Tell Barri / Kahat 1. Relazione sulle campagne 1980–1991 a Tell Barri / Kahat, nel bacino de Habur, Universita degli studi di Firenze, 1982
  13. ^ P.E. Pecorella, Tell Barri / Kahat 2. Relazione sulle campagne 1980–1993 a Tell Barri / Kahat, nel bacino de Habur (Siria), Universita degli studi di Firenze, 1998, ISBN 88-87345-02-3
  14. ^ Paolo Emilio Pecorella and Raffaella Pierobon Benoit, Tell Barri / Kahat 3. La sequenza ceramica, Firenze University Press, in press
  15. ^ Valentini, Stefano, "Burial Customs and Funerary Ideology in Tell Barri/Kahat during the Middle Bronze Age, Related to the Upper Mesopotamia", Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Paris, 2002
  16. ^ D’Agostino, Anacleto, "The Assyrian–Aramaean interaction in the Upper Khabur: the archaeological evidence from Tell Barri iron age layers", Syria, vol. 86, pp. 17–41, 2009
  17. ^ Casana J, Laugier EJ (2017) Satellite imagery-based monitoring of archaeological site damage in the Syrian civil war. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0188589. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188589

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tell Barri.
  • Benoit, Raffaella Pierobon, "Tell Barri/Kahat 2000-2010: The Contribution of the Excavations to the History of the Jezireh.", Archaeological Explorations in Syria 2000-2011: Proceedings of ISCACH-Beirut 2015, 2018
  • Materne, Jean-Pierre, "L’année de Kahat dans la chronologie du règne de Zimri-Lim", MARI 2, pp. 195–99, 1983
  • N. Parmegiani, "The Eastern Sigillata in Tell Barri/Kahat", Mesopotamia 22, pp. 113–28, 1987
  • Pecorella, Paolo Emilio, and Mirjo Salvani, "Tell Barri-Kaḫat", Syria, vol. 62, no. 1/2, 1985, pp. 128–30, 1985
  • Paolo Emilio Pecorella, "Tell Barri/Kahat: la campagna del 2000: relazione preliminare", Firenze University Press, 2003, ISBN 88-8453-097-0
  • Paolo Emilio Pecorella and Raffaella Pierobon Benoit, "Tell Barri/Kahat: la campagna del 2001: relazione preliminare", Firenze University Press, 2004, ISBN 88-8453-139-X
  • Paolo Emilio Pecorella and Raffaella Pierobon Benoit, "Tell Barri/Kahat: la campagna del 2002: relazione preliminare", Firenze, 2005, ISBN 88-8453-292-2
  • Paolo Emilio Pecorella and Raffaella Pierobon Benoit, "Tell Barri/Kahat: la campagna del 2003: relazione preliminare", Firenze University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-88-8453-793-5
  • Paolo Emilio Pecorella and Raffaella Pierobon Benoit, "Tell Barri - Kahat: la campagna del 2004", Firenze University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-88-8453-776-8
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella, "Tell Barii/Kahat: le ‘Pantheon’, Données et problèmes." Stories told around the fountain, pp. 547–569, 2019
  • Salvini M., "Le cadre historique de la fouille de Tell Barri (Syrie)", Akkadica 35, pp. 24–41, 1983
  • A. Sołtysiak, "Short Fieldwork Report: Tell Barri (Syria), seasons 1980–2006",Bioarchaeology of the Near East, vol. 2, pp 67–71, 2008
  • Sołtysiak, A., and R. Koliński, "Tell Barri (Syria), seasons 2008–2010 Arkadiusz Sołtysiak.", Bioarchaeology of the Near East 4, pp. 48–50, 2010
  • Sołtysiak, Arkadiusz, and Holger Schutkowski, "Continuity and change in subsistence at Tell Barri, NE Syria.", Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2, pp. 176–185, 2015