Sulphur Mountain Formation

Sulphur Mountain Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early to Middle Triassic PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Spray River Group
Sub-units	Phroso Member Mackenzie Dolomite Vega Member Whistler Member Llama Member[1]
Underlies	Whitehorse Formation
Overlies	Ishbel Group
Thickness	Up to 557 metres (1,830 ft)[2]
Lithology
Primary	Siltstone, dolomite
Other	Mudstone, shale, sandstone
Location
Coordinates	51°5′24″N 115°31′35″W
Region	Alberta  British Columbia
Country	Canada
Type section
Named for	Sulphur Mountain, Alberta
Named by	P.S. Warren[3]
Year defined	1945

The Sulphur Mountain Formation is a geologic formation of Early to Middle Triassic age. It is present on the western edge of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in the foothills and Rocky Mountains of western Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. It includes marine fossils from the time shortly after the Permian-Triassic extinction event.^[4][5]

The Sulphur Mountain Formation was first described as a member of the Spray River Formation by P.S. Warren in 1945,^[3] who named it for Sulphur Mountain in Banff National Park. It was later raised to formation status.^[1] Its type section is located in the Spray River gorge at the southern end of Sulphur Mountain.^[1]

Lithology and stratigraphy

The Sulphur Mountain Formation was deposited on the continental shelf along the western margin of the North American craton,^[6] which at that time was part of the supercontinent of Pangaea.^[4] It consists primarily of grey to rusty brown dolomitic and calcareous quartz siltstone, with interbeds of silty sandstone, silty dolomite, mudstone, shale, carbonaceous shale, and minor fine-grained quartz sandstone. Cross-bedding and ripple marks are common in its strata.^[2][4][5]

The Sulphur Mountain Formation is subdivided into the following members:

Geological Unit	Age	Lithology	Thickness	Reference
Llama Member	Middle Triassic	Yellowish grey-brown silty dolomite, silty shale, and minor very fine-grained quartz sandstone	3 – 64 m (9 – 201 ft)	[1]
Whistler Member	Middle Triassic	Dark grey to black silty dolomite and dolomitic quartz siltstone	13 – 23 m (43 – 75 ft)	[1]
Vega Siltstone Member	Early Triassic	Grey to rusty brown dolomitic and calcareous siltstone, silty limestone, and shale	52 – 363 m (170 – 1190 ft)	[1]
Mackenzie Dolomite Lentil	Early Triassic	Light grey to yellowish grey, slightly calcareous, silty to sandy dolomite, with minor dolomitic quartz siltstone and sandstone	0 – 24 m (0 – 80 ft)	[1]
Phroso Siltstone Member	Early Triassic	Grey-brown to dark grey quartz siltstone and silty shale	30 – 244 m (100 – 800 ft)	[1]

Paleontology

The Sulphur Mountain Formation has yielded fossils that provide a record of Triassic life shortly after the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Remains of extinct marine reptiles^{[7][8][9][10]} and fish^[11] have been found in its strata, as well as conodonts;^[6] shells of brachiopods and bivalves;^[1] teeth of Hybodus; shells of ammonoids; the ichnofossils Thalassinoides, Planolites, and Zoophycos; and traces of microbial mats.^[4][5]

Fish found at the formation include:

Taxon	Material	Notes
Rebellatrix divaricerca[12]	A nearly complete and articulated specimen, missing the pectoral and pelvic fins and much of the skull	A fast swimming coelocanth
Listracanthus pectenatus

Early and Middle Triassic fish, marine reptiles, and ammonoids^[13]

Remains of the following marine reptiles have been found in the Sulphur Mountain Formation:

Taxon	Material	Notes
Agkistrognathus campbelli[7]	A disarticulated skull	A thalattosaurian
Grippia longirostris[8]	Several skulls and forelimbs	A basal ichthyosaur
Paralonectes merriami[9]		A thalattosaurian
Thalattosaurus borealis[10]	Anterior skull, partial mandible, vertebral centra, isolated ribs, left pterygoid	A thalattosaurian
Wapitisaurus problematicus		A thalattosaurian
Utatsusaurus sp.

Distribution and thickness

The Sulphur Mountain Formation is present in the foothills and eastern front ranges of the Canadian Rockies from the Canada–United States border in southwestern Alberta to the Pine River area of northeastern British Columbia. It ranges in thickness from a minimum of 37 metres (120 ft) south of the Bow River in Alberta to a maximum of 557 metres (1,830 ft) in northeastern British Columbia.^[2]

Relationship to other units

The Sulphur Mountain Formation is laterally equivalent to Montney, Doig, and Halfway Formations in the subsurface beneath the plains of Alberta and northeastern British Columbia, and to the Toad, Grayling, and Liard Formations in the foothills of northeastern British Columbia. It unconformably overlies the Permian Ishbel Group or, in some areas, the Mississippian Rundle Group. It is conformably overlain by the Whitehorse Formation in the southern part of its extent and by the laterally equivalent Charlie Lake Formation in the north. In areas where those formations were removed by erosion it is unconformably overlain by the Jurassic Fernie Formation.^[2][14]

Economic resources

Petroleum and natural gas

Dolomitic siltstone quarried from the Sulphur Mountain Formation is featured in the lobby of the Banff Springs Hotel.

Outcrops of the Sulphur Mountain Formation provide an analog for studying the Montney Formation, a laterally equivalent formation that is a major producer of shale oil and shale gas in the subsurface to the east.^[4][5]

Building stone

The flaggy siltstones of the Vega Member have been quarried as building stone in the Canmore area. This rock, which is commonly called "Rundle Rock" or "Rundle Stone", has been used extensively to face buildings and construct floors, patios, and fireplaces in the Jasper, Banff, and Calgary areas.^[1][15]

Phosphate

Although localized deposits of granular phosphate are present at the base of the Whistler Member, they lie within Jasper National Park and are protected from development.^[1]

See also

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alberta

References

1. Gibson, D.W. 1974. Triassic rocks of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 230, 65 p.
2. Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 1423 p. on CD-ROM. ISBN 0-920230-23-7.
3. Warren, P.S. 1945. Triassic faunas in the Canadian Rockies. American Journal of Science, vol. 243, no. 9, p. 480-491; doi: 2475/ajs.243.9.480.
4. Noad, Jon, 2017. "A previously unreported bone bed from the Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of Kananaskis and its implications for Montney sequence stratigraphy. Abstract, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, GeoConvention 2017, 4 p" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
5. Noad, Jon, 2017. Field trip to examine Montney Formation analogs: Exposures of the Sulphur Mountain Formation around Canmore and Kananaskis, western Alberta, Canada. In: J.C.C. Hseih, ed., Geologic field trips of the Canadian Rockies: 2017 meeting of the GSA Rocky Mountain Section, Geological Society of America, Field Guide 48, p. 137-152; doi: 10.1130/2017.0048(05).
6. Paull, R.K., Paull, R.A. and Laudon, T.S. 1997. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic Mackenzie Dolomite Lentil, Sulphur Mountain Formation in the Cadomin area, Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 708-714.
7. "New thalattosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of Wapiti Lake, British Columbia (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
8. Cuthbertson, R.S.; Russel, A.P.; Anderson, J.S. (2013). "Cranial morphology and relationships of a new grippidian (Ichtyopterygia) from the Vega-Phroso Siltstone Member (Lower Triassic) of British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 4: 831–847.
9. "Fossilworks: Paralonectes". fossilworks.org.
10. Nicholls, Elizabeth L. (1999). A reexamination of Thalattosaurus and Nectosaurus and the relationships of the Thalattosauria (reptilia: Diapsida). Berkeley, CA: University of California, Museum of Paleontology.
11. Schaeffer, B and Magnus, M. 1976. (1976). "An Early Triassic fish assemblage from British Columbia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 156, article 5, p. 516-563". hdl:2246/619. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
12. Wendruff, A. J.; Wilson, M. V. H. (2012). "A fork-tailed coelacanth, Rebellatrix divaricerca, gen. et sp. nov. (Actinistia, Rebellatricidae, fam. nov.), from the Lower Triassic of Western Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 499–511. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..499W. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.657317. S2CID 85826893.
13. Scheyer, Torsten M.; Romano, Carlo; Jenks, Jim; Bucher, Hugo (19 March 2014). "Early Triassic Marine Biotic Recovery: The Predators' Perspective". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e88987. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988987S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088987. PMC 3960099. PMID 24647136.
14. Alberta Geological Survey, 2013. "Alberta Table of Formations; Alberta Energy Regulator" (PDF). Retrieved 20 June 2016.
15. Hamilton, W.N. and Edwards, W.A.D. 2002 (2002). Industrial minerals in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Scott, P.W. and Bristow, C.M. (eds.), Industrial Minerals and Extractive Industry Geology, Based on Papers Presented at the Combined 36th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals and 11th Extractive Industry Geology Conference, Bath, England, 7th-12th May, 2000; Geological Society of London Special Publication, 2002, p. 103-141;. ISBN 978-1-86239-099-7. Retrieved 19 February 2018.