State University of New York at New Paltz

State University of New York at New Paltz
Former names
New Paltz Classical School (1828–1833)
New Paltz Academy (1833–1884)
New Paltz Normal School (1885–1942)
State Teachers College at New Paltz (1942–1959)
State University College of Education at New Paltz (1959–1961)[1]
State University of New York College of Arts and Science New Paltz (1961–1994)[2]
TypePublic university
Established1828; 196 years ago (1828)
Parent institution
State University of New York
Endowment$26.8 million (2019)[3]
PresidentDarrell P. Wheeler[4]
ProvostWilliam McClure [5]
Academic staff
372 (full-time)
302 (part-time)
Students7,489 (fall 2020)[3]
Undergraduates6,597 (fall 2020)[3]
Postgraduates892 (fall 2020)[3]
Location, ,
United States

41°44′37″N 74°05′02″W / 41.74361°N 74.08389°W / 41.74361; -74.08389
CampusSmall town, 257 acres (104 ha)
ColorsBlue and orange
NicknameHawks
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division III
SUNYAC
MascotHugo the Hawk
Websitenewpaltz.edu

The State University of New York at New Paltz (SUNY New Paltz or New Paltz) is a public university in New Paltz, New York. It traces its origins to the New Paltz Classical School, a secondary institution founded in 1828 and reorganized as an academy in 1833.[6]

History

Old Main, the oldest building on campus

The university's origins can be traced back to the New Paltz Classical School, which originally opened in 1828. After changing its name to the New Paltz Academy in 1833, the school was decimated by a fire in 1884, after which the school offered their land to the state government of New York contingent upon the establishment of a normal school.

In 1885, one year after the fire, the New Paltz Normal and Training School, or New Paltz Normal School, was established to prepare teachers to practice their professions in the public schools of New York. It was granted the ability to award baccalaureate degrees in 1938, after which it was renamed as the State Teachers College at New Paltz; the inaugural class of 112 students graduated in 1942. In 1947, a graduate program in education was established.

When the State University of New York was established by legislative act in 1948, the Teachers College at New Paltz was one of 30 colleges associated under SUNY's umbrella. An art education program was added in 1951. The school experienced another name change in 1959, becoming the State University College of Education at New Paltz. One year later, in 1960, the college was authorized to confer liberal arts degrees. Just one year after that, in 1961, the school updated its name yet again, to the State University of New York College of Arts and Science at New Paltz.

Van den Berg Hall is the second-oldest building on campus. Today[when?] it is the home to the business program.

Amid this tumult, the college's general education program (including then-vanguard introductory surveys of African and Asian cultures) was eliminated in 1971; a distribution requirement was re-instituted in 1993. A program in African American studies was established in 1968. Three years later, the experimental studies program (reorganized as the innovative studies program in 1975) began to enroll students, instructors, and local residents in credited and cocurricular courses that encompassed myriad disciplines, including video art (under Paul Ryan), dance therapy, clowning, camping, and ecodesign. Instructors in the program were hired by students and compensated through student activity fees. A 4-acre (1.6 ha) environmental studies site operated by students and community members under the aegis of the program at the southern periphery of the campus included geodesic domes, windmills, kilns, a solar-powered house funded by the Department of Energy, and more inchoate variants of sustainable architecture. Upon ascending to the college presidency in 1980, Alice Chandler characterized the edifices as "shacks and hovels" and abolished the program in the early 1980s, demolishing most of the site in the process.[7]

Under Chandler's leadership, the college began to offer professional degree programs in nursing, engineering, journalism, and accounting.[8] The Legislative Gazette, a journalism and political science internship in which students live and work in Albany and produce a weekly newspaper about state politics, was established in 1978.

The pond, with Esopus Hall in the background

On December 29, 1991, the campus was the scene of a widely reported PCB incident that contaminated four dormitories (Bliss, Gage, Capen and Scudder halls), as well as the Coykendall Science Building and Parker Theatre. Under the direction of the county and state health departments, the university began a massive, thorough cleanup effort. As an additional precaution, 29 other buildings were thoroughly tested and, if necessary, cleaned. The clean-up process lasted until May 1995. Since 1994, PCBs have not been used on the SUNY New Paltz campus.[9]

The college was rebranded as the State University of New York at New Paltz in 1994.[10]

In November 1997, two events on campus attracted nationwide media attention. The first, a feminist conference on sex and sexuality sponsored by the women's studies department entitled "Revolting Behavior: The Challenges of Women's Sexual Freedom", featured an instructional workshop on sex toys offered by a Manhattan sex shop proprietor and a lecture panel on sadomasochism ("Safe, Sane and Consensual S/M: An Alternate Way of Loving").[11] The second, a seminar entitled "Subject to Desire: Refiguring the Body", was sponsored by the School of Fine and Performing Arts. One presenter, Fluxus performance artist and longtime New Paltz resident Carolee Schneemann, was best known for Interior Scroll (1975), a piece that culminated in her unrolling a scroll from her vagina and reading it to the audience; at the seminar, Schneemann exhibited[12] abstract photographs of her vagina as part of Vulva's Morphia (1995), "a visceral sequence of photographs and text in which a Vulvic personification presents an ironic analysis juxtaposing slides and text to undermine Lacanian semiotics, gender issues, Marxism, the male art establishment, religious and cultural taboos."[13]

The Excelsior Concourse, one of the busiest parts of campus

Political conservatives were outraged that a public university had hosted such events, and Governor George Pataki and SUNY chancellor Robert King expressed their displeasure. The controversy escalated when the theatre arts department staged The Vagina Monologues shortly afterwards. The college's then-president, Roger Bowen, defended freedom of expression on campus and refused to apologize, doing little to allay conservative ire. "The real issue," he said, "is whether some ideologues, however well-intentioned, have the right to dictate what we say and what we do on this campus." SUNY trustee Candace de Russy called for him to be dismissed.[14] Bowen later resigned.[15]

In 2023, the institution was officially reclassified as a university by the State University of New York. The change took effect January 1, 2023, exactly seventy-five years after the SUNY system was founded; New Paltz was a founding member.[16][17]

Campus

Atrium of the Student Union Building, opened in 2010
Inside the Atrium

The SUNY New Paltz campus consists of about 216 acres (87 ha) in the small town of New Paltz, New York. There are 14 residence halls, centered mostly in two quads. The main campus has two dozen academic buildings, including the Haggerty Administration Building, a lecture hall, Old Main, Sojourner Truth Library, one main dining hall, the Student Union Building, Science Hall and extensive gymnasium and sports areas.

The college also operated the Ashokan campus in Olivebridge, New York, consisting of another 400 acres (160 ha). In 2008 it was sold by Campus Auxiliary Services to the Open Space Conservancy;[18] it is now operated as the Ashokan Center.

SUNY New Paltz has undergone extensive construction projects since 2008, totaling nearly $300 million,[19] including:

  • Renovation of Hasbrouck complex residence halls (ongoing)
  • Student Union Building addition: "The Atrium" (completed fall 2010)
  • Old Main renovation (completed spring 2011)
  • The Concourse landscaping/renovation (completed fall 2011)
  • Hasbrouck Quad landscaping/renovation (completed fall 2011)
  • Construction of Mohonk Walk (completed summer 2012)
  • Ridgeview Hall (completed summer 2015)
  • Sojourner Truth Library renovation (completed fall 2015)
  • Wooster Science Building renovation (completed summer 2016)
  • Construction of Science Hall, a new science building (completed winter 2017)[20]
  • Engineering Innovation Hub (completed fall 2019)

Campus theaters

SUNY at New Paltz contains three on-campus theaters.

McKenna Theater

McKenna Theatre is a fully equipped proscenium theatre, with seating for 366. The theater is named in honor of Dr. Rebecca McKenna, professor of English and drama and the founder of the theatre arts program at New Paltz. At the rear of the theater is a sound booth for digital audio equipment which has the capabilities to play back, mix, and amplify audio. There is also a lighting booth with a computerized light board (controlling over 200 dimmers) and LCD video projection equipment behind the audience (and upstairs). There are 32 line sets in the fly space above the stage. There is also a scene shop behind the stage, storage area for scenery, a paint shop, and other technical facilities.[21]

Parker Theater

College Hall, home to the Max and Nadia Shepard Recital Hall, and the oldest residence hall on campus

The building was originally built as a dining hall. Parker was then converted to a theatre venue and teaching space. In 1972 it was made into a theatre production facility. The building was renovated in 1994, featuring a modified thrust stage surrounded by a three-quarter audience configuration seating up to 200 people. In the rear are lighting and sound booths with computerized light board (controlling over 90 dimmers) and digital audio equipment. To both sides of the stage are performance studio spaces. Classes are offered in acting, voice, movement, and musical theatre. On the same floor of the theater are a costume studio, dressing rooms, costume maintenance, storage facilities, and faculty offices.[21]

Parker Theatre was built in 1962. It houses the Raymond T. Kurdt Theatrical Design Collection, one of the most significant collections of original costume and set designs in the nation.

Max and Nadia Shepard Recital Hall

Max and Nadia Shepard Recital Hall is located in College Hall, the oldest residence hall on campus. Built in 1951, it is a landmark, and is the closest hall to the village of New Paltz.[22] Its basement, now used primarily for storage, was built as a fallout shelter, and was stocked as such until the 1980s. The only remaining remnant are the "fallout toilets".[23]

The facility contains 125 seats and is named in honor of patrons of the performing arts programs at SUNY New Paltz. The hall offers a delicate setting for student recitals and chamber music performances. The rear of the hall contains a small studio equipped with Pro-tools HD and a Control 24 sound board used for recording professional performances.[21]

Max and Nadia Shepard Recital Hall is an important facility for the community. It hosts many recitals and is an integral part of the Piano Summer program.[24]

Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art

At the center of campus is the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, which opened in 2001. With more than 9,000 square feet of exhibition space in six galleries, the Dorsky is one of the largest art museums in the SUNY system.[25] The East Wing includes the Morgan Anderson Gallery, Howard Greenberg Family Gallery, Sara Bedrick Gallery, and the Corridor Gallery, and the West Wing includes the Alice and Horace Chandler Gallery and the North Gallery. The Dorsky's permanent collection comprises more than 7,000 works of American Art (with emphasis on the Hudson Valley and Catskill Regions), 19th, 20th and 21st century photography, metals, and a "world collection" of art and artifacts dating back to ancient times and representing diverse cultures. Through its collections, exhibitions, and public programs, the Dorsky supports and enriches the academic programs at the college, presents a broad range of world art for study and enjoyment, and serves as a center for Hudson Valley arts and culture.[26] The Dorsky's facilities include research and seminar rooms for visitors, students and professors at SUNY New Paltz.

Student life

Athletics

SUNY New Paltz teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Hawks are a member of the State University of New York Athletic Conference (SUNYAC). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer, swimming & diving, volleyball and lacrosse; women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball.

For the first time in program history, New Paltz men’s volleyball team captured the NCAA Division III Tournament title in 2016. The win also marked the first NCAA title for any New Paltz team.[27] Three years later, they defeated UC Santa Cruz to win their second championship in the sport and second for the school overall.[28]

Clubs and traditions

The quad at SUNY New Paltz

The student governance is operated by the Student Association, which funds most student activities through a mandatory fee. There are many clubs, fraternities, and sororities. Clubs that are recognized by the Student Association are organized into one of six boards: academic, advocacy, athletic, fine and performing arts, media, and social and cultural.[29] There is also an on-campus government, the Residence Hall Student Association (RHSA).[30][31]

The college has an auxiliary services corporation common to many state campuses in New York, called Campus Auxiliary Services, Inc. This on-campus company operates the dining halls and bookstore, as well as being the source of discretionary funds for spending by the college president and the RHSA.[32]

The college has a foundation and an active alumni association.[33]

The Center for Student Media at SUNY New Paltz consists of six clubs in the organization:[34]

The college's official student newspaper is The Oracle. In 2010, it was honored by the Society of Professional Journalists for having the Best Affiliated Website for four-year college or university (Region 1 competition). It was named as a runner-up for the National Title.

The campus TV station was WNPC TV. It has since become Hawk Studios, a video production club which makes short films and TV shows.

The college's radio station, WFNP, is known as "The Edge". It broadcasts part-time at FM 88.7, and also streams online.[35]

There is also the New Paltz Music Collective, The Fahari Libertad, and The Teller.

Greek life

Recognized fraternities and sororities at the university include:[36]

Sororities Fraternities
Alpha Epsilon Phi Alpha Epsilon Pi
Alpha Kappa Alpha Alpha Phi Alpha
Alpha Kappa Phi Agonian sorority Alpha Phi Delta
Chi Upsilon Sigma Kappa Alpha Psi
Delta Sigma Theta Kappa Delta Phi
Hermandad Sigma Iota Alpha Lambda Alpha Upsilon
Kappa Delta Phi Lambda Sigma Upsilon
Lambda Pi Upsilon Lambda Upsilon Lambda
Mu Sigma Upsilon MALIK
Omega Phi Beta Phi Iota Alpha
Sigma Delta Tau Pi Alpha Nu
Sigma Lambda Upsilon Tau Kappa Epsilon
Zeta Phi Beta

Student activism

Vietnam War

There were several student-led demonstrations in the late 1960s and early 1970s, primarily against the Vietnam War. In the spring of 1967, a sit-in protesting military recruitment on campus blocked the entrance to the Student Union for two days. While there were scores of demonstrators the first day, all but 13 dispersed before New York State Troopers arrived and bodily carried the demonstrators to a waiting school bus for a trip to court. In the fall of 1968, students rallied in support of Craig Pastor (now Craig DeYong) who had been arrested by New Paltz Village Police for desecration of the American flag which he was wearing as a superhero cape in a student film directed by Edward Falco. College President John J. Neumaier posted bail. Pastor was released and charges were dropped.[citation needed]

The Cambodian Campaign and concomitant Kent State shootings in May 1970 led to a protest that culminated in a five-day student occupation of the Administration Building, subsequently renamed Old Main after the opening of the Haggerty Administration Building two years later. A March 1974 sit-in at the Haggerty Building reacted against perceived discriminatory hiring practices, the state-mandated reintegration of Shango Hall (which then housed underrepresented students), and the threatened cessation of the experimental studies program in the wake of a budget shortfall.[37]

Israel-Hamas War

Protests at the university over the Israel-Hamas War began in early 2024. On February 28, 2024, members of the Israeli Defense Forces were invited to campus by the Jewish Student Union with the assistance of the New Paltz chapter of Students Supporting Israel, to discuss their experiences serving, as well as their opinions of the war. In response a protest rally was organized by New Paltz Students for Palestine, in which over 150 students, alumni, and activists protested during and after the event.[38] Following the event and the protest, President Wheeler released a statement, saying, "I write today to share a brief note of gratitude to those within our community who helped ensure that all participants’ safety and rights were protected during the event organized yesterday by our Jewish Student Union and the corresponding counter demonstration."[39]

On May 1, 2024, over 100 students, faculty and others pitched in to establish an encampment on Parker Quad, spurred on by the Gaza Solidarity encampments established at other colleges across the country. President Wheeler visited the encampment and asked them to dismantle the tents, but students refused. He then wrote down notes regarding the demands of the organizers, which included divestment from companies doing business with Israel, amnesty for people disciplined by the school, and disclosure of the investments the school makes.[40]

The following day, on May 2, two members of Student Affairs visited the encampment in an effort to get students to dismantle it by 7:00 PM. The protesters refused, and were later told to leave by 9:00 PM. When the time came, they refused to leave, and administration called the police.[41] Officers including New York State troopers, the NYSUP, Ulster County Sheriff’s Office, and the New Paltz Police Department all participated. Police brought K-9s, batons, and nonlethal firearms.[42] Over 100 people were arrested, with at least three people injured. One student being kicked in the face and an elderly woman was allegedly knocked unconscious.[43][44][45]

Notable alumni

Principal's residence, about 1909

SUNY New Paltz alumni include:

Notable faculty

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Lang, Elizabeth W.; Lang, Robert P. (1960). In a Valley Fair: A History of the State University College of Education at New Paltz. New Paltz, NY: State University of New York. OCLC 4742901.
  • Klotzberger, Edward Lewis (1958). The Growth and Development of State Teachers College, New Paltz, State University of New York, with Implications of Education in the State of New York (PhD thesis). University of Connecticut. OCLC 43967254.

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Єгипет Ця стаття є частиною серії статей продержавний лад і устрійЄгипту Конституція Правова система Права людини Глава держави Президент (список) Абдельфаттах Саїд Ельсісі Виконавча влада Прем'єр-міністр (список) Мустафа Мадбулі Законодавча влада Палати парламенту Кон

Duta Besar Amerika Serikat untuk MeksikoSegel Kementerian Dalam Negeri Amerika SerikatDicalonkan olehPresiden Amerika SerikatDitunjuk olehPresidendengan nasehat Senat Berikut ini adalah daftar Duta Besar Amerika Serikat untuk Meksiko Daftar Duta Besar Awal Akhir Diangkat oleh Clayton, PowellPowell Clayton 01899-01-033 Januari 1899 01905-05-2626 Mei 1905 McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley Conger, Edwin H.Edwin H. Conger 01905-06-1515 Juni 1905 01905-08-033 Agustus 1905 Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodo...

 

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Submarine of the Royal Navy HMS E9 History United Kingdom NameHMS E9 BuilderVickers, Barrow Laid down1 June 1912 Launched29 November 1913 Commissioned18 June 1914 FateScuttled, 3 April 1918 General characteristics Class and typeE-class submarine Displacement 667 long tons (678 t) surfaced 807 long tons (820 t) submerged Length181 ft (55 m) Beam15 ft (4.6 m) Propulsion 2 × 800 hp (597 kW) diesels 2 × 420 hp (313 kW) electric 2 propellers Spee...

Term used to refer to the atmosphere and outer space Not to be confused with Airspace. For the corporation, see The Aerospace Corporation. A view of the Earth's atmosphere with the Moon beyond Aerospace is a term used to collectively refer to the atmosphere and outer space. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering consists of aeronautics and astronautics. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufactu...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: TV Globo Internacional – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Television channel TV Globo InternacionalCountryBrazilBroadcast areaInternationalNetworkTV GloboHeadquartersRio de JaneiroP...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 6 Light Anti-Aircraft RegimentSekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment6 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment emblemActive1 April...

Irish novelist and poet The HonourableEmily LawlessPhotographic portrait, date unknownBorn17 June 1845Lyons DemesneDied19 October 1913Gomshall, SurreyOccupationWriter The Hon. Emily Lawless (17 June 1845 – 19 October 1913) was an Irish novelist, historian, entomologist, gardener, and poet from County Kildare. Her innovative approach to narrative and the psychological richness of her fiction have been identified as examples of early modernism. Biography She was born at Lyons Hou...

 

Instrumen Abdikasi Undang-Undang Deklarasi Abdikasi Yang Mulia (bahasa Inggris: His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936) (1 Edw. 8 & 1 Geo. 6 c. 3) adalah Undang-Undang Parlemen Britania Raya yang mengesahkan dan meratifikasi abdikasi Raja Edward VIII dan mengesahkan suksesi kepada saudaranya Pangeran Albert, Adipati York (yang kemudian menjadi Raja George VI). UU tersebut juga mengecualikan para keturunan mendatang dari Edward dari garis suksesi. Edward VIII melakukan abdika...

 

2014 studio album by Tim McGrawSundown Heaven TownStudio album by Tim McGrawReleasedSeptember 16, 2014 (2014-09-16)GenreCountryLength50:08LabelBig Machine RecordsProducerByron GallimoreTim McGrawTim McGraw chronology Two Lanes of Freedom(2013) Sundown Heaven Town(2014) Damn Country Music(2015) Singles from Sundown Heaven Town Lookin' for That GirlReleased: January 13, 2014 Meanwhile Back at Mama'sReleased: April 14, 2014 Shotgun RiderReleased: September 8, 2014 Diamond ...

British actor, model and producer (born 1997) This British surname is barrelled, being made up of multiple names. It should be written as Fiennes Tiffin, not Tiffin. Hero Fiennes TiffinFiennes Tiffin in 2019BornHero Beauregard Faulkner Fiennes Tiffin (1997-11-06) 6 November 1997 (age 26)London, EnglandEducationGraveney School, Emanuel SchoolOccupationsActormodelfilm producerYears active2008–presentFamilyTwisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes family Hero Beauregard Faulkner Fiennes Tiffin (/fa...

 

LighthouseBlackwell Island Light Blackwell island Light in 2017LocationRoosevelt Island, New York, New YorkCoordinates40°46′22″N 73°56′24.6″W / 40.77278°N 73.940167°W / 40.77278; -73.940167TowerConstructed1872FoundationstoneConstructionstoneHeightca. 50 feet (15 m)Shapeoctagonal towerHeritageNew York City Landmark, National Register of Historic Places listed place, New York State Register of Historic Places listed place LightFirst lit1872Deact...

 

スペイン国立航空宇宙技術研究所(Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial、INTA)はスペインの宇宙機関である。1942年に設立され、マドリード近郊のトレホン・デ・アルドスに本部を置く。 組織 予算は1億ユーロ以上で、スペイン国防省と自身のプロジェクトが収入源である。2008年には、INTAは1200人の職員を雇用し、そのうち80%は研究活動に従事していた[1]。INTAの主な...

Girls' Generation apresentando-se em Nova Iorque em 2011, na turnê SMTown Live '10 World Tour. Esta é uma lista do concertos notáveis de K-pop realizados fora da Ásia. Em 2011, a SM Town realizou seu primeiro concerto fora do continente asiático com sua SMTown Live '10 World Tour, em Los Angeles.[1] Desde então, outras gravadoras da Coreia do Sul também começaram a promover turnês em todo o mundo. 2003-2010 Ano Gravadora Turnê Artista(s) País(es) 2003 Diversas Korean Peace Festival...

 

Brachial lymph nodesLymph Nodes of the Upper Limb and BreastDetailsSystemLymphatic systemDrains tocentral lymph nodesIdentifiersFMA44314Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata] A brachial lymph nodes (or lateral group) are group of four to six lymph nodes which lies in relation to the medial and posterior aspects of the axillary vein; the afferents of these glands drain the whole arm with the exception of that portion whose vessels accompany the cephalic vein. The efferent vessels pass pa...

 

Viaduct in Rochdale, England Healey Dell ViaductThe viaduct, from the dellCoordinates53°38′24″N 2°10′56″W / 53.6400°N 2.1823°W / 53.6400; -2.1823CarriesNational Cycle NetworkCrossesRiver SpoddenLocaleHealey DellRochdaleGreater ManchesterEnglandCharacteristicsMaterialGritstoneHeight105 ft (32 m)No. of spansEightHistoryConstruction end1867Closed1960sLocation Healey Dell Viaduct is a viaduct situated in Healey Dell Nature Reserve in the Spodden Valle...

Untuk fungsi θ lainnya, lihat Fungsi theta (disambiguasi). Fungsi theta asli Jacobi θ1 dengan u = iπz dan dengan nome q = eiπτ = 0.1e0.1iπ. Konvensi adalah (Mathematica): θ 1 ( u ; q ) = 2 q 1 4 ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n q n ( n + 1 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 n + 1 ) u = ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ ( − 1 ) n − 1 2 q ( n + 1 2 ) 2 e ( 2 n + 1 ) i u {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\theta _{1}(u;q)&=2q^{\frac {1}{4}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}q^...

 

Der teilweise zerstörte Wohnblock in Wolgodonsk Die Sprengstoffanschläge auf Wohnhäuser in Russland im Jahr 1999 waren eine Serie von Bombenattentaten, bei denen 367 Menschen ums Leben kamen und über 1000 verletzt wurden.[1] Die Terroranschläge waren der Anlass für Russland, den Zweiten Tschetschenienkrieg zu beginnen, in den Worten Putins „zur Bekämpfung von 2000 Terroristen“.[2] Gemäß offiziellen russischen Ermittlungsergebnissen waren die Täter tschetschenisch...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!