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Silver fern
	Frond, showing silver underside
Conservation status
	; Not Threatened (NZ TCS)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Cyatheales
Family:	Cyatheaceae
Genus:	Alsophila
Species:	A. tricolor
Binomial name
	Alsophila tricolor; (Colenso) R.M.Tryon
Synonyms
	Cyathea dealbata (G.Forst.) Sw. ; Cyathea falciloba (Colenso) Domin ; Cyathea tricolor Colenso ; Hemitelia falciloba Colenso ; Polypodium dealbatum G.Forst. ;

Alsophila tricolor, synonym Cyathea dealbata,^[1] commonly known as the silver fern^[2] or silver tree-fern,^[3] or as ponga /ˈpɒŋə/ or punga /ˈpʌŋə/ (from Māori kaponga or ponga),^{[note 1]} is a species of medium-sized tree fern, endemic to New Zealand. The fern is usually recognisable by the silver-white colour of the under-surface of mature fronds. It is a symbol commonly associated with the country both overseas and by New Zealanders themselves.^[4]

Alsophila tricolor is the correct name for Cyathea dealbata in Alsophila because the epithet dealbata is preoccupied by Alsophila dealbata C.Presl (now a synonym of Sphaeropteris glauca).

Description

This fern is known to grow to heights of 10 metres (33 ft) or more (though it occasionally takes a rare creeping form). The crown is dense, and mature fronds tend to be about 4 metres (13 ft) long and have a silver-white colouration on the undersides. This distinctive silver colouration has made them useful for laying along tracks for night walking. The scales are a dark brown and are often twisted and glossy.^[5] Rhizomes very rarely prostrate, usually erect, forming a woody trunk up to 12 metres (39 ft) tall, 160 to 450 millimetres (6.3 to 17.7 in) in diameter, covered in light brown or white projecting stipe bases, bearing scales near the apex.^[6]

Habitat

Arriving relatively late in New Zealand's history during the Pliocene epoch^[7] (around 5.0–1.8 million years ago), the silver fern occurs on the main islands of New Zealand—although absent from the west and south regions of the South Island^[8]—and on the Chatham Islands to the east. Its primary habitat is subcanopy areas of drier forests and in open scrub, although it is occasionally found on bush margins and in more open areas, and has been recorded from amongst rushes in a dune slack.

The fern is known to grow well in well-drained humus, and once established, it will tolerate drier conditions.^[9] It does best when sheltered from winds and should be protected from frost. Evidence of large amount of macro-charcoals in the top layers of soil suggest that Cyathea dealbata establish themselves in areas where anthropogenic fires occur

In culture

The earliest use of the silver fern as an official emblem was by the New Zealand Army during the Second Boer War. Since then, the silver fern has been used by the New Zealand Expeditionary Force during both world wars, and all Commonwealth war graves of fallen New Zealand soldiers have the silver fern engraved on their tombstones.^[8] During the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egyptians took exception to New Zealand and Canadian peacekeepers having the Union Flag on their uniforms. Canadian troops wore the Maple Leaf whereas the New Zealand contingent wore a silver fern symbol. New Zealand peacekeepers have since used both the silver fern and kiwi symbols for different deployments to differentiate from their Australian and British counterparts.^{[citation needed]}

Additionally, several British Army units wear the silver fern, normally as a battle honour granted for serving with New Zealand troops. For example, the Queen’s Royal Hussars, the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry and the Warwickshire Yeomanry, all of whom fought with 2nd New Zealand Division at the Second Battle of El Alamein.

The silver fern has long been used on dairy products, including the logo of New Zealand Natural, and was trademarked as early as 1885.^{[citation needed]} It is a logo for many other organisations, such as (heavily stylised) the rail operator KiwiRail. The Silver Fern is also the name of a class of railcar.^[10]

Silver fern fronds appear on the coat of arms of New Zealand.^[11] Some alternative flags for New Zealand, such as the silver fern flag, utilise the fern. The official proposal of the 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums featured the silver fern.^[12] The silver fern is also used extensively within politics and printed material, such as the logo of the New Zealand Labour Party.^[13]

The Silver Fern was first discovered by the Māori people, who are the indigenous people of New Zealand. According to the legend of the Māori people, the Silver Fern “once lived in the sea” and the Māori hunters would “...use the silver underside of the fern leaves to find their way home…”. When bent at an angle, the leaves of the fern would catch the moonlight and “illuminate a path through the forest” ^[14]

The koru symbol is inspired by the shape of an unfurling silver fern frond. It is found extensively in Māori art, from carving to the official Māori flag, and is used in a stylised form as the logo for national airline Air New Zealand.^[15] Its circular shape conveys the idea of perpetual movement, and its inward coil suggests a return to the point of origin.^[16]

In short, the fern has become one of the most widely recognized symbols of New Zealand, next to the kiwi—however, it is not an official national symbol.^[4]

The rejected silver fern flag proposal of the 2015 flag referendum
An Air New Zealand ATR 72-600 with a stylised koru on the tail and otherwise painted in all black livery with a silver fern on the fuselage
An All Blacks jersey from 1905, featuring a silver fern
Elizabeth II wearing the Silver Fern Brooch in her official portrait as Queen of New Zealand, 2012

Use in sport

The silver fern has been used as a symbol by New Zealand national sports teams, in various stylised forms, since it was first worn by players in the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team which toured Britain.^[17] "Silver Ferns" is the name of the national netball team, and most other national women's sports teams have nicknames based on the term "Ferns", such as Black Ferns (women's rugby union), Tall Ferns (women's basketball) and Football Ferns (women's association football).^[4]

National sport teams using the silver fern include:

All Blacks (rugby)
Silver Ferns (netball)
All Whites (football)
Tall Blacks (basketball)
White Ferns (women's cricket)
Black Caps (men's cricket)
Black Ferns (women's rugby)
Black Sticks Men & Black Sticks Women (field hockey)
Team New Zealand (sailing)
Iron Blacks (American football)

The silver fern is also extensively used as part of the official symbols of New Zealand Olympics teams.^[18]

Controversy

In 1991, the New Zealand Rugby Football Union obtained trade marks for the name “All Blacks” and its own stylised fern, however the scope of the application was broader because they sought to register any 'fern'. In 2005, after a legal case lasting four years, the union failed in its bid to stop anyone else using any fern logo on any black jersey.^[19]

Footnotes

^ The Māori word ponga, pronounced [ˈpɔŋa], has been borrowed into New Zealand English as a generic term for tree ferns. It is also used to refer to tree fern logs when used for landscaping purposes. English speakers generally pronounce the word /ˈpʌŋə/ PUNG-ə.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (June 2019). "Alsophila dealbata". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Vol. 8. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^ Brownsey, Patrick (24 September 2007). "Ferns and lycophytes – Ferns and lycophytes in New Zealand". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Government and nation – National animal and flower". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
^ Large, Mark F.; Braggins, John E. (2004). Tree Ferns. Timber Press, Inc. pp. 120–121. ISBN 0-88192-630-2.
^ "Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Cyathea dealbata". www.nzflora.info. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ Parsons, Stuart; et al. (2006). Biology Aotearoa. Pearson Education New Zealand. ISBN 1-877268-00-3.
^ ^a ^b "The significance of the silver fern". Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ. 6 June 2017. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
^ de Lange, P. J. (March 2004). "Cyathea dealbata | New Zealand Plant Conservation Network". www.nzpcn.org.nz. Archived from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
^ "Silver Fern railcar". NZHistory. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ Levine, Stephen (12 June 2012). "Coat of arms – Coat of arms overview". e Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ "NZ confirms flag referendum candidate". BBC News. 15 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ "Register of Political Parties". Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ "New Zealand icon: Silver fern". TNZ Media. Archived from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
^ Wedde, Ian (2005). Making Ends Meet: Essays and Talks, 1992–2004. Victoria University Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780864735034.
^ Walrond, Carl. "The koru". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ Wilson, John (16 September 2016). "Nation and government – Nationhood and identity". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ Strang, Ben. "The history of black: Why do Kiwi sports teams wear black and when did it start?". Stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ "NZRU bid for silver fern rights thrown out". The New Zealand Herald. 14 December 2005. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.

Brock, Perry, G. L. W., Lee, W. G., Schwendenmann, L., & Burns, B. R. (2018). Pioneer tree ferns influence community assembly in northern New Zealand forests. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 42(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.42.5